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Lupus nephritis epidemiology and demographics

2017-06-02T16:03:26Z

Krzys617: /* Prevalence */

__NOTOC__
{{Lupus nephritis}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
===Prevalence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (per 100,000)<ref name="pmid27821390">{{cite journal| author=Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH| title=Update on Lupus Nephritis. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 825-835 | pmid=27821390 | doi=10.2215/CJN.05780616 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27821390 }}</ref>
|-
|North America<ref name="pmidPMID: 16761508">{{cite journal| author=Danchenko N, Satia JA, Anthony MS| title=Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden. | journal=Lupus | year= 2006 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 308-18 | pmid=PMID: 16761508 | doi=10.1191/0961203306lu2305xx | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16761508 }}</ref>
|4.8 to 78.5
|-
|Europe<ref name="pmidPMID: 167615083">{{cite journal| author=Danchenko N, Satia JA, Anthony MS| title=Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden. | journal=Lupus | year= 2006 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 308-18 | pmid=PMID: 16761508 | doi=10.1191/0961203306lu2305xx | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16761508 }}</ref>
|25 to 91
|-
|Australia<ref name="pmidPMID: 167615084">{{cite journal| author=Danchenko N, Satia JA, Anthony MS| title=Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden. | journal=Lupus | year= 2006 | volume= 15 | issue= 5 | pages= 308-18 | pmid=PMID: 16761508 | doi=10.1191/0961203306lu2305xx | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16761508 }}</ref>
|19 to 63
|-
|Japan<ref name="pmidPMID: 20947544">{{cite journal| author=Osio-Salido E, Manapat-Reyes H| title=Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia. | journal=Lupus | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 12 | pages= 1365-73 | pmid=PMID: 20947544 | doi=10.1177/0961203310374305 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20947544 }}</ref>
|8 to 18
|-
|China<ref name="pmidPMID: 209475442">{{cite journal| author=Osio-Salido E, Manapat-Reyes H| title=Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia. | journal=Lupus | year= 2010 | volume= 19 | issue= 12 | pages= 1365-73 | pmid=PMID: 20947544 | doi=10.1177/0961203310374305 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20947544 }}</ref>
|30 to 50
|}

===Case Fatality Rate===
===Age===
===Gender===
Females are more commonly affected with Lupus nephritis. With an overall female to male ratio of approximately 8:1 in adults and 4:3 in children.<ref name="pmid278213903">{{cite journal| author=Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH| title=Update on Lupus Nephritis. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 825-835 | pmid=27821390 | doi=10.2215/CJN.05780616 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27821390 }}</ref>

===Race===
African Americans have a higher frequency of developing Lupus nephritis in the United States.<ref name="pmid278213904">{{cite journal| author=Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH| title=Update on Lupus Nephritis. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 825-835 | pmid=27821390 | doi=10.2215/CJN.05780616 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27821390 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Frequency rate %<ref name="pmid278213905">{{cite journal| author=Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH| title=Update on Lupus Nephritis. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 5 | pages= 825-835 | pmid=27821390 | doi=10.2215/CJN.05780616 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27821390 }}</ref>
|-
|Caucasian
|29
|-
|Asian
|40-82
|-
|Hispanic
|61
|-
|Black
|69
|}

===Developing Countries===
===Developed Countries===

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]

[[Category:Needs content]]

Lupus nephritis epidemiology and demographics

2017-06-02T15:37:14Z

Krzys617: /* Gender */

__NOTOC__
{{Lupus nephritis}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
===Prevalence===
===Case Fatality Rate===
===Age===
===Gender===
Females are more commonly affected with Lupus nephritis. With an overall female to male ratio of approximately 8:1 in adults and 4:3 in children.

===Race===
African Americans have a higher frequency of developing Lupus nephritis.

===Developing Countries===
===Developed Countries===

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]

[[Category:Needs content]]

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis epidemiology and demographics

2017-06-02T15:30:31Z

Krzys617: /* Race */

__NOTOC__
{{Wegener's granulomatosis}}

{{CMG}}{{APM}}{{AE}}{{KW}}

==Overview==
The prevalence of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis in Europe ranges from 23.7 to 160 per million person a year, with higher prevalence rates found in northern European countries such as Norway, southern Sweden, northern Germany and the United Kingdom. The [[incidence]] of the disease is 2.4 cases per million per year, with higher incidences found in Norway, Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom.<ref name="pmid24932888">{{cite journal| author=Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Manenti L, Tumiati B, Cavazza A et al.| title=Epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in Northern Italy: a 15-year population-based study. | journal=Semin Arthritis Rheum | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-7 | pmid=24932888 | doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932888 }} </ref>

==Epidemiology==

===Prevalence===
The prevalence of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis in Europe ranges from 23.7 to 160 per million persons.<ref name="pmid24932888">{{cite journal| author=Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Manenti L, Tumiati B, Cavazza A et al.| title=Epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in Northern Italy: a 15-year population-based study. | journal=Semin Arthritis Rheum | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-7 | pmid=24932888 | doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932888 }} </ref>The prevalence in the United States is 3 per 100,000 persons. <ref name="pmid8546743">{{cite journal| author=Cotch MF, Hoffman GS, Yerg DE, Kaufman GI, Targonski P, Kaslow RA| title=The epidemiology of Wegener's granulomatosis. Estimates of the five-year period prevalence, annual mortality, and geographic disease distribution from population-based data sources. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 1996 | volume= 39 | issue= 1 | pages= 87-92 | pmid=8546743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8546743 }}</ref> <ref name="pmid25076302">{{cite journal| author=Muller K, Lin JH| title=Orbital granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis): clinical and pathologic findings. | journal=Arch Pathol Lab Med | year= 2014 | volume= 138 | issue= 8 | pages= 1110-4 | pmid=25076302 | doi=10.5858/arpa.2013-0006-RS | pmc=4140401 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25076302 }}</ref>

===Incidence===
The incidence of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis in Europe ranges from 3 to 14.4 per million per year.<ref name="pmid24932888">{{cite journal| author=Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Manenti L, Tumiati B, Cavazza A et al.| title=Epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in Northern Italy: a 15-year population-based study. | journal=Semin Arthritis Rheum | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-7 | pmid=24932888 | doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932888 }} </ref>
The incidence of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis in children ranges form 0.03 to 3.2 per 100,000 per year.<ref name="pmid19877069">{{cite journal| author=Cabral DA, Uribe AG, Benseler S, O'Neil KM, Hashkes PJ, Higgins G et al.| title=Classification, presentation, and initial treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis in childhood. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2009 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 3413-24 | pmid=19877069 | doi=10.1002/art.24876 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19877069 }} </ref>

==Demographics==
The rate distribution of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis varies upon age, sex, and race.

===Age===
The mean age of diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis is 58 years. The incidence of the disease in female patients is 70 to 79 years of age and in male patients older than 80 years.<ref name="pmid24932888">{{cite journal| author=Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Manenti L, Tumiati B, Cavazza A et al.| title=Epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in Northern Italy: a 15-year population-based study. | journal=Semin Arthritis Rheum | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-7 | pmid=24932888 | doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932888 }} </ref>
The disease most commonly presents in patients that are either middle aged or elderly.<ref name="pmid11083271">{{cite journal| author=Koldingsnes W, Nossent H| title=Epidemiology of Wegener's granulomatosis in northern Norway. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2000 | volume= 43 | issue= 11 | pages= 2481-7 | pmid=11083271 | doi=10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2481::AID-ANR15>3.0.CO;2-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11083271 }} </ref>
<ref name="pmid10693883">{{cite journal| author=Watts RA, Lane SE, Bentham G, Scott DG| title=Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis: a ten-year study in the United Kingdom. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2000 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 414-9 | pmid=10693883 | doi=10.1002/1529-0131(200002)43:2<414::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10693883 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12794795">{{cite journal| author=Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Guerrero J, Rodriguez-Ledo P, Llorca J| title=The epidemiology of the primary systemic vasculitides in northwest Spain: implications of the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definitions. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2003 | volume= 49 | issue= 3 | pages= 388-93 | pmid=12794795 | doi=10.1002/art.11115 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12794795 }} </ref>
The mean age of diagnosis of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis in children is between the ages of 4 to 17. However, the disease is rarely seen in children.<ref name="pmid19877069">{{cite journal| author=Cabral DA, Uribe AG, Benseler S, O'Neil KM, Hashkes PJ, Higgins G et al.| title=Classification, presentation, and initial treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis in childhood. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2009 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 3413-24 | pmid=19877069 | doi=10.1002/art.24876 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19877069 }} </ref>

===Gender===
Males are more commonly affected with Granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The overall male to female ratio is approximately 1.2 to 1. However, the ratio varies depending on geographical location.<ref name="pmid24932888">{{cite journal| author=Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Manenti L, Tumiati B, Cavazza A et al.| title=Epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in Northern Italy: a 15-year population-based study. | journal=Semin Arthritis Rheum | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-7 | pmid=24932888 | doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932888 }} </ref>
In children females are more commonly seen with the disease.<ref name="pmid24891844">{{cite journal| author=Bohm M, Gonzalez Fernandez MI, Ozen S, Pistorio A, Dolezalova P, Brogan P et al.| title=Clinical features of childhood granulomatosis with polyangiitis (wegener's granulomatosis). | journal=Pediatr Rheumatol Online J | year= 2014 | volume= 12 | issue= | pages= 18 | pmid=24891844 | doi=10.1186/1546-0096-12-18 | pmc=4041043 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24891844 }} </ref>

===Race===
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis typically affects Caucasians. Other races can be affected, however the rate is lower than that of Caucasians.
<ref name="pmid24932888">{{cite journal| author=Catanoso M, Macchioni P, Boiardi L, Manenti L, Tumiati B, Cavazza A et al.| title=Epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in Northern Italy: a 15-year population-based study. | journal=Semin Arthritis Rheum | year= 2014 | volume= 44 | issue= 2 | pages= 202-7 | pmid=24932888 | doi=10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.05.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24932888 }} </ref>
<ref name="pmid17553910">{{cite journal| author=Mohammad AJ, Jacobsson LT, Mahr AD, Sturfelt G, Segelmark M| title=Prevalence of Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome within a defined population in southern Sweden. | journal=Rheumatology (Oxford) | year= 2007 | volume= 46 | issue= 8 | pages= 1329-37 | pmid=17553910 | doi=10.1093/rheumatology/kem107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17553910 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Arthritis]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Autoimmune diseases]]
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HIV associated nephropathy pathophysiology

2017-03-17T16:24:11Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV associated nephropathy}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Pathogenesis==
The pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy is heavily dependent upon viral, genetic, and enviornmental co factors.<ref name="pmid9692355">{{cite journal| author=Schwartz EJ, Klotman PE| title=Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1998 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 436-45 | pmid=9692355 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9692355 }}</ref>

'''Viral:'''

HIV-1 is the strongest risk factor that is associated with the development of HIV-associated nephropathy. It has been found through murine studies, that HIV-1 infected mice expressed similar clinical and pathological characteristics to those affected by HIV-associated nephropathy.

'''Genetic and Enviornmental Co factors''':

Genetic factors most certainly play an intricate role in disease progression. Approximately 90% of patient infected with HIV-associated nephropathy are black. This suggests a strong racial predilection for HIV-associated nephropathy. It is also important to note that through genetic tests APOL1 gene found on chromosome 22 is more commonly found in blacks than in any other race.

Environmental factors associated with HIV-associated nephropathy:

{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Increased risk of developing HIV'''
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|Intravenous drug use
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|Men having sex with men
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|Having more than one sexual partner
|}

It is hypothesized that HIV-associated nephropathy is attributed to the HIV-1 virus attacking the renal epithelium, suggesting that a localized replication of the virus of the renal epithelium is needed. However, the mechanism of how the virus induces renal injure is still inconclusive. However, what is known is that in order for the virus to proliferate, the virus induces apoptosis. In various conducted studies, HIV protease (encoded in the pol gene) is found to cleave Bcl-2 and inducing apoptosis of the renal cells monkeys. However, this still not well established.<ref name="pmid8790371">{{cite journal| author=Strack PR, Frey MW, Rizzo CJ, Cordova B, George HJ, Meade R et al.| title=Apoptosis mediated by HIV protease is preceded by cleavage of Bcl-2. | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | year= 1996 | volume= 93 | issue= 18 | pages= 9571-6 | pmid=8790371 | doi= | pmc=38469 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8790371 }}</ref> The role cytokines play in the mechanism of HIV-associated nephropathy is still not clearly known and is seen as non essential in HIV-associated nephropathy.<ref name="pmid9692355" />

==Associated Conditions==
The following are conditions that are associated with HIV-associated nephropathy:

==Gross Pathology==
On gross pathology, HIV-associated nephropathy is characterized as the renal being pale, unevenly enlarged, having a smooth cortical surface and tubulars that are dilated.<ref name="pmid2770114">{{cite journal| author=D'Agati V, Suh JI, Carbone L, Cheng JT, Appel G| title=Pathology of HIV-associated nephropathy: a detailed morphologic and comparative study. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1358-70 | pmid=2770114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2770114 }}</ref>
==Microscopic Pathology==
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Light Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773643">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>|| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Electron Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773642">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref> || bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Immunofluorescence'''<ref name="pmid274773644">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ececec"|characteristically seen as a visceral epithelium that displays hyperplasia and hypertrophy; due a segmental or global glomerular tuft collapse. When examining the hypertrophic portions of the visceral epithelium protein droplets are seen.|| bgcolor="#ececec"|a glomerular basement membrane that is wrinkled and collapsed; displaying vacuoles and protein droplets hypertrophic and hyperplastic portions of the visceral epithelium, foot process effacements that are quite extensive and tubuloreticular aggregates that are present in endothelial cells. However, not all patients display tubuloreticular aggregates as the pattern is no seen in patients who express low viral loads (due to combined antiretroviral therapy). || bgcolor="#ececec" |Immune deposits that show a limited nonspecific deposition (IgM and C3 in collapsed segments) or no deposits. Visceral
|}

On microscopic histological analysis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubuointerstital injury, and microcystic tubular dilation are characteristics findings of HIV-associated nephropathy.<ref name="pmid2770114">{{cite journal| author=D'Agati V, Suh JI, Carbone L, Cheng JT, Appel G| title=Pathology of HIV-associated nephropathy: a detailed morphologic and comparative study. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1358-70 | pmid=2770114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2770114 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Kidney diseases]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:Immune system disorders]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T16:20:14Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Pathogenesis==
==Associated Conditions==
The following are conditions that are associated with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease:
==Gross Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Light Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773643">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>|| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Electron Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773642">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref> || bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Immunofluorescence'''<ref name="pmid274773644">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable mesangial hypercellular endocapillaries are seen in either a focal or diffuse pattern. At times, it may also have a membranous pattern that has a distinctive spike and pinpoint-hole characteristic on the glomerular basement membrane.|| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable deposits are seen within the mesangium, subendothelium, and subepithelium. Tubuloreticular aggregates may also be seen within the endothelial cells. However, not all patients display tubuloreticular aggregates, as the pattern is not seen in patients who express low viral loads(due to treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy).|| bgcolor="#ececec" | IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C1q granules (Full-house description) is seen within the mesangium and the capillary loops. <ref name="pmid16625149">{{cite journal| author=Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I| title=HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 2006 | volume= 69 | issue= 10 | pages= 1885-91 | pmid=16625149 | doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000351 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16625149 }} </ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T16:17:25Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Pathogenesis==
==Associated Conditions==
The following are conditions that are associated with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease:
==Gross Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Light Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773643">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>|| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Electron Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773642">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref> || bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Immunofluorescence'''<ref name="pmid274773644">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable mesangial hypercellular endocapillaries are seen in either a focal or diffuse pattern. At times, it may also have a membranous pattern that has a distinctive spike and pinpoint-hole characteristic on the glomerular basement membrane.|| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable deposits are seen within the mesangium, subendothelium, and subepithelium. Tubuloreticular aggregates may also be seen within the endothelial cells. However, not all patients display tubuloreticular aggregates, as the pattern is not seen in patients who express low viral loads, due to treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy.|| bgcolor="#ececec" | IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C1q granules (Full-house description) is seen within the mesangium and the capillary loops. <ref name="pmid16625149">{{cite journal| author=Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I| title=HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 2006 | volume= 69 | issue= 10 | pages= 1885-91 | pmid=16625149 | doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000351 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16625149 }} </ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:49:40Z

Krzys617:

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Pathogenesis==
==Associated Conditions==
The following are conditions that are associated with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease:
==Gross Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Light Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773643">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>|| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Electron Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773642">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref> || bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Immunofluorescence'''<ref name="pmid274773644">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable mesangial hypercellular endocapillaries are seen in either a focal or diffuse pattern. At times, it may also have a membranous pattern that has a distinctive spike and pinpoint-hole characteristic on the glomerular basement membrane.|| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable deposits are seen within the mesangium, subendothelium, and subepithelium. Tubuloreticular aggregates may also be seen within the endothelial cells. However, not all patients display tubuloreticular aggregates, as the pattern in not seen in patients who express low viral loads, due to treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy.|| bgcolor="#ececec" | IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C1q granules (Full-house description) is seen within the mesangium and the capillary loops. <ref name="pmid16625149">{{cite journal| author=Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I| title=HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 2006 | volume= 69 | issue= 10 | pages= 1885-91 | pmid=16625149 | doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000351 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16625149 }} </ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:48:08Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Pathogenesis==
==Associated Conditions==
The following are conditions that are associated with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease:
==Gross Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Light Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773643">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>|| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Electron Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773642">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref> || bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Immunofluorescence'''<ref name="pmid274773644">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable mesangial hypercellular endocapillaries are seen in either a focal or diffuse pattern. At times, it may also have a membranous pattern that has a distinctive spike and pinpoint-hole characteristic on the glomerular basement membrane.|| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable deposits are seen within the mesangium, subendothelium, and subepithelium. Tubuloreticular aggregates may also be seen within the endothelial cells. However, not all patients display tubuloreticular aggregates, as the pattern in not seen in patients who express low viral loads, due to treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy. || bgcolor="#ececec" | IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C1q granules (Full-house description) is seen within the mesangium and the capillary loops. <ref name="pmid16625149">{{cite journal| author=Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I| title=HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 2006 | volume= 69 | issue= 10 | pages= 1885-91 | pmid=16625149 | doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000351 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16625149 }} </ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:47:43Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Pathogenesis==
==Associated Conditions==
The following are conditions that are associated with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease:
==Gross Pathology==
==Microscopic Pathology==
{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Light Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773643">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>|| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Electron Microscopy'''<ref name="pmid274773642">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref> || bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Immunofluorescence'''<ref name="pmid274773644">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable mesangial hypercellular endocapillaries are seen in either a focal or diffuse pattern. At times, it may also have a membranous pattern that has a distinctive spike and pinpoint-hole characteristic on the glomerular basement membrane.|| bgcolor="#ececec"|variable deposits are seen within the mesangium, subendothelium, and subepithelium. Tubuloreticular aggregates may also be seen within the endothelial cells. However, not all patients display tubuloreticular aggregates, as the pattern in not seen in patients who express low viral loads, due to treatment with combined antiretroviral therapy. ||bgcolor="#ececec"| IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C1q granules (Full-house description) is seen within the mesangium and the capillary loops. <ref name="pmid16625149">{{cite journal| author=Gerntholtz TE, Goetsch SJ, Katz I| title=HIV-related nephropathy: a South African perspective. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 2006 | volume= 69 | issue= 10 | pages= 1885-91 | pmid=16625149 | doi=10.1038/sj.ki.5000351 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16625149 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27477364">{{cite journal| author=Fogo AB, Lusco MA, Najafian B, Alpers CE| title=AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: HIV-Associated Immune Complex Kidney Disease (HIVICK). | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2016 | volume= 68 | issue= 2 | pages= e9-e10 | pmid=27477364 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27477364 }} </ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease risk factors

2017-03-17T15:46:28Z

Krzys617: /* Risk Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}}{{AE}}{{KW}}

==Overview==
Common risk factors that are associated with the development of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease are: HIV RNA level >400 cells/mL, diabetes, and hypertension.
==Risk Factors==
Factors that are associated with the development of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease are:<ref name="pmid23685946">{{cite journal| author=Foy MC, Estrella MM, Lucas GM, Tahir F, Fine DM, Moore RD et al.| title=Comparison of risk factors and outcomes in HIV immune complex kidney disease and HIV-associated nephropathy. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2013 | volume= 8 | issue= 9 | pages= 1524-32 | pmid=23685946 | doi=10.2215/CJN.10991012 | pmc=3805081 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23685946 }}</ref>

{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;" cellpadding="5" align="center"

| bgcolor="#94e65d"|'''Risk Factors'''
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|HIV RNA level >400 cells/ml
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|Diabetes
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff"|Hypertension
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:36:57Z

Krzys617:

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:34:49Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:33:28Z

Krzys617: /* Microscopic Pathology */

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease risk factors

2017-03-17T15:28:00Z

Krzys617:

HIV associated nephropathy pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:00:56Z

Krzys617:

HIV associated nephropathy pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:00:38Z

Krzys617:

HIV associated nephropathy pathophysiology

2017-03-17T15:00:17Z

Krzys617:

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease risk factors

2017-03-17T14:59:44Z

Krzys617:

HIV associated nephropathy pathophysiology

2017-03-17T14:58:26Z

Krzys617:

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease risk factors

2017-03-17T14:58:08Z

Krzys617:

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease causes

2017-03-17T14:56:11Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Causes== ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{WH}} {{WS}}"

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Causes==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease pathophysiology

2017-03-17T14:55:22Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Pathogenesis== ==Associated Conditions== The following are conditions that are assoc..."

HIV associated nephropathy pathophysiology

2017-03-17T14:54:51Z

Krzys617:

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease historical perspective

2017-03-17T14:53:36Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Historical Perspective== ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{WH}} {{WS}}"

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Historical Perspective==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease overview

2017-03-17T14:52:58Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{WH}} {{WS}}"

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease case study one

2017-03-17T14:51:54Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease future or investigational therapies

2017-03-17T14:51:35Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease cost-effectiveness of therapy

2017-03-17T14:51:28Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease prevention

2017-03-17T14:51:13Z

Krzys617:

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease prevention

2017-03-17T14:50:51Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==References..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Complex Kidney Disease}}
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease surgery

2017-03-17T14:50:27Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease medical therapy

2017-03-17T14:49:55Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Medical Therapy== ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{WH}} {{WS}}"

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Medical Therapy==

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease other diagnostic studies

2017-03-17T14:48:57Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease other imaging findings

2017-03-17T14:48:29Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease ultrasound

2017-03-17T14:41:26Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Ultrasonography== ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{WH}} {{WS}}"

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
==Ultrasonography==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease history and symptoms

2017-03-17T14:40:47Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== Obtaining a complete history is an important aspect in making a clinical diagnosis of..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}

==Overview==
Obtaining a complete history is an important aspect in making a clinical diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease. The initial symptoms that are seen in patients presenting with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease are non specific in nature as other glomerular diseases may express similar clinical presentations.

==History==
Obtaining a complete history is an important aspect in making a clinical diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease. However, it often difficult to differentiate the diagnosis on clinical presentation alone, as other glomerular diseases may show similar clinical presentations. Thus it is important to obtain a kidney biopsy and perform laboratory tests to determine the diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease.

==Symptoms==
The initial symptoms that are seen in patients presenting with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease are non specific in nature as other glomerular diseases may express similar clinical presentations. However, some patients may not express any symptoms earlier on. The following are symptoms that are seen in HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease:

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease MRI

2017-03-17T14:40:44Z

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HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease CT

2017-03-17T14:40:09Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease KUB x ray

2017-03-17T14:39:28Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing. ==Ref..."

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease laboratory findings

2017-03-17T14:38:49Z

Krzys617: /* Laboratory Findings */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease include,
==Laboratory Findings==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease include,
Routine laboratory tests that may be ordered to help in identify HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease are:

'''Blood Work-up'''
* Complete blood count (CBC)
* Serum creatinine
* Lipid profile
* Albumin
* ELISA
* Dot blot
* Latex agglutination test
'''Supplemental Test'''
* Western blot
* Immunofluorescence
'''Urinalysis'''
* Proteinuria
* Microhematuria
* Leukocytes
* Oval fat bodies
* Hyaline casts
'''Renal Biopsy'''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease laboratory findings

2017-03-17T14:38:20Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease include,
==Laboratory Findings==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease include,
Routine laboratory tests that may be ordered to help in identify HIV-associated nephropathy are:

'''Blood Work-up'''
* Complete blood count (CBC)
* Serum creatinine
* Lipid profile
* Albumin
* ELISA
* Dot blot
* Latex agglutination test
'''Supplemental Test'''
* Western blot
* Immunofluorescence
'''Urinalysis'''
* Proteinuria
* Microhematuria
* Leukocytes
* Oval fat bodies
* Hyaline casts
'''Renal Biopsy'''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease natural history, complications and prognosis

2017-03-17T14:37:45Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Natural History== If left untreated, HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease == Complic..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}

==Overview==

==Natural History==
If left untreated, HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease
== Complications ==
Possible complications that are associated with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease include:

==Prognosis==

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease physical examination

2017-03-17T14:36:18Z

Krzys617: /* Physical Examination */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
A complete physical examination in a patient with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease is dependent on the stage of the disease. Physical examinations findings seen in patients are typically similar to those who are infected with HIV but do not present with renal involvement.

==Physical Examination==
A complete physical examination in a patient with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease is dependent on the stage of the disease. Physical examinations findings seen in patients are typically similar to those who are infected with HIV but do not present with renal involvement. The following findings that may be present during a physical examination of HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease include:<ref name="pmid10469389">{{cite journal| author=Klotman PE| title=HIV-associated nephropathy. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 1161-76 | pmid=10469389 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00748.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10469389 }}</ref>
* Pyrexia
* Lymphadenopathy
* Oral thrush
* Retinal infiltrates
* Crackles on auscultation
* Focal neurological deficits
* Complain of headaches
* non hypertensive
* prurutic skin lesions
* Hyperpigmented and raised plaques
* Cachexia

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease epidemiology and demographics

2017-03-17T14:35:53Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== ==Epidemiology== ===Prevalence=== ===Incidence=== ==Demographics== The rate distrib..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology==

===Prevalence===
===Incidence===

==Demographics==
The rate distribution of HIV-associated nephropathy varies upon, age, sex, and race.
===Age===
===Gender===
===Race===
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease physical examination

2017-03-17T14:35:49Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== A complete physical examination in a patient with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease is..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
A complete physical examination in a patient with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease is dependent on the stage of the disease. Physical examinations findings seen in patients are typically similar to those who are infected with HIV but do not present with renal involvement.

==Physical Examination==
A complete physical examination in a patient with HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease is dependent on the stage of the disease. Physical examinations findings seen in patients are typically similar to those who are infected with HIV but do not present with renal involvement. The following findings that may be present during a physical examination of HIV-associated nephropathy include:<ref name="pmid10469389">{{cite journal| author=Klotman PE| title=HIV-associated nephropathy. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1999 | volume= 56 | issue= 3 | pages= 1161-76 | pmid=10469389 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00748.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10469389 }}</ref>
* Pyrexia
* Lymphadenopathy
* Oral thrush
* Retinal infiltrates
* Crackles on auscultation
* Focal neurological deficits
* Complain of headaches
* non hypertensive
* prurutic skin lesions
* Hyperpigmented and raised plaques
* Cachexia

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease differential diagnosis

2017-03-17T14:34:31Z

Krzys617: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease must be differentiated form other diseases that cause

==Differential Diagnosis==
HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease must be differentiated form other diseases that cause

===Differentiating HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease from Other Diseases===
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease differential diagnosis

2017-03-17T14:32:16Z

Krzys617:

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}
==Overview==
HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated form other diseases that cause focal segmental glomerulonephritis, high grade proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine levels.

==Differential Diagnosis==
HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated form other diseases that cause focal segmental glomerulonephritis, high grade proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine levels.

===Differentiating HIV-Associated Nephropathy from Other Diseases===
Glomerular disease that present with similar characteristics of HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated from other glomerular disease that may occur in patients that are HIV-1 affected. They are:<ref name="pmid18588500">{{cite journal| author=Atta MG, Lucas GM, Fine DM| title=HIV-associated nephropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. | journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | year= 2008 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 365-71 | pmid=18588500 | doi=10.1586/14787210.6.3.365 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18588500 }}</ref>
* Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
* Diabetic nephropathy
* Membranous nephropathy
* Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
* Lupus nephritis
* Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
* ANCA-associated vasculitis
* IgA nephropathy
* HIV-1 associated immune complex disease
* Minimal change nephropathy
* Thrombotic microangiopathy
* Renal amyloidosis

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease differential diagnosis

2017-03-17T14:31:46Z

Krzys617: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}} {{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}} ==Overview== HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated form other diseases that cause foca..."

__NOTOC__
{{HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease}}
{{CMG}}{{APM}};{{AE}}{{KW}}

==Overview==
HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated form other diseases that cause focal segmental glomerulonephritis, high grade proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine levels.

==Differential Diagnosis==
HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated form other diseases that cause focal segmental glomerulonephritis, high grade proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine levels.

===Differentiating HIV-Associated Nephropathy from Other Diseases===
Glomerular disease that present with similar characteristics of HIV-associated nephropathy must be differentiated from other glomerular disease that may occur in patients that are HIV-1 affected. They are:<ref name="pmid18588500">{{cite journal| author=Atta MG, Lucas GM, Fine DM| title=HIV-associated nephropathy: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. | journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | year= 2008 | volume= 6 | issue= 3 | pages= 365-71 | pmid=18588500 | doi=10.1586/14787210.6.3.365 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18588500 }}</ref>
* Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
* Diabetic nephropathy
* Membranous nephropathy
* Postinfectious glomerulonephritis
* Lupus nephritis
* Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
* ANCA-associated vasculitis
* IgA nephropathy
* HIV-1 associated immune complex disease
* Minimal change nephropathy
* Thrombotic microangiopathy
* Renal amyloidosis

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease risk factors

2017-03-17T14:26:59Z

Krzys617: /* Risk Factors */

HIV Immune Complex Kidney Disease risk factors

2017-03-17T14:26:18Z

Krzys617: /* Risk Factors */