wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Deputy Editors

2013-10-07T20:06:30Z

Kristin Feeney:

'''Deputy Editors-In-Chief, WikiDoc:'''
Listed in descending order by level of experience:

*[[User:William J Gibson|William Gibson, B.S.]]
*[[User:Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]]
*[[User:Emily Larkin|Emily Larkin, B.S.]]
*[[User:Madeleine Cochet|Madeleine Cochet, B.S.]]
*[[User:Christopher Popma|Christopher Popma, B.S.]]
*[[User:Hardik Patel|Hardik Patel, M.B.B.S.]]
*[[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby, M.D.]]
*[[User:Ochuko Ajari|Ochuko Ajari, M.B.B.S., M.S.]]
*[[User:Gonzalo Romero|Gonzalo Romero, M.D.]]
*[[User:Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo Zacarkim, M.D.]]
*[[User:Hilda Mahmoudi|Hilda Mahmmoudi, M.D., M.P.H.]]
*[[User:Mahmoud Sakr|Mahmoud Sakr, M.D.]]
*[[User:Sapan Patel|Sapan Patel, M.B.B.S.]]
*[[User:Farman Khan|Farman Khan, M.D., M.R.C.P.]]
*[[User:Vendhan Ramanujam|Vendhan Ramanujam, M.B.B.S.]]
*[[User:Mugilan Poongkunran|Mugilan Poongkunran, M.B.B.S.]]
*[[User:Ayokunle Olubaniyi|Ayokunle Olubaniyi M.B.B.S.]]

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'''[[User:William J Gibson|William Gibson, B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' wgibson@mit.edu

*'''Deputy Editor-In-Chief at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

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'''[[User:Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' kfeeney@wikidoc.org '''Phone:''' 617-632-7590

*'''Project Manager at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Research Assistant III at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''Emily Larkin, B.S.'''

'''Contact:''' elarkin@perfuse.org '''Phone:''' 617-632-7590

*'''Project Manager at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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''' Madeleine Cochet, B.S.'''

'''Contact:''' mcochet@perfuse.org '''Phone:''' 617-632-7590

*'''Project Manager at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Christopher Popma|Christopher Popma, B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' cpopma@perfuse.org '''Phone:''' 617-632-7590

*'''Project Manager at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Hardik Patel|Hardik Patel, M.B.B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' hardikp@wikidoc.org

*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby, M.D.]]'''

'''Contact:''' rim.halaby@wikidoc.org '''Phone:''' 617-632-7590

*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''
*'''Senior Manager of Deputy Editors, WikiDoc'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Ochuko Ajari|Ochuko Ajari, M.B.B.S., M.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' oajari@wikidoc.org

*'''Postdoctoral Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''
*'''Senior Manager of Deputy Editors, WikiDoc'''

'''Interests:'''
*'''Cardiology'''
*'''Infectious Diseases'''

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'''Gerald Chi, M.D.'''

'''Contact:''' gchi@wikidoc.org

*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Gonzalo Romero|Gonzalo Romero, M.D.]]'''

'''Contact:''' gromero@wikidoc.org
*'''Clinical Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''
*'''Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Marcelo Zacarkim|Marcelo Zacarkim, M.D.]]

'''Contact:''' mzacarkim@wikidoc.org
*'''Clinical Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''
*'''Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Fellow, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''
*'''[[Epidemiology]]''', '''[[Randomized controlled trial]]''', '''[[Public Health]]'''
*'''[[Cardiology]]''', '''[[Dermatology]]''', '''[[Endocrinology]]''', '''[[Anesthesiology]]'''

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'''[[User:Hilda Mahmoudi|Hilda Mahmmoudi, M.D., M.P.H.]]'''

'''Contact:''' hmahmoudi@wikidoc.org
*'''Clinical Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''
*'''Senior Teaching Assistant of the Principle and Practice of Clinical Research course, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Mahmoud Sakr|Mahmoud Sakr, M.D.]]'''

'''Contact:''' msakr@wikidoc.org
*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Sapan Patel|Sapan Patel, M.B.B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' sapan.patel@wikidoc.org

*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School

'''Interests:'''
*'''Cardiology'''
*'''Endocrinology'''

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'''[[User:Farman Khan|Farman Khan, M.D., M.R.C.P.]]'''

'''Contact:''' fkhan@wikidoc.org
*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Vendhan Ramanujam|Vendhan Ramanujam, M.B.B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' vendhan.r@wikidoc.org

*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School

'''Interests:'''

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'''[[User:Mugilan Poongkunran|Mugilan Poongkunran, M.B.B.S.]]'''

'''Contact:''' mugilan.p@wikidoc.org

*'''Research Fellow at PERFUSE Study Group'''
*'''Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School'''

'''Interests:'''
|}

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'''[[User:Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, M.D.]]'''

'''Contact:''' psingh@wikidoc.org

*'''Director of Recruitment for WikiDoc at WikiDoc Foundation'''
*'''Senior Teaching Assistant of the Principle and Practice of Clinical Research course, Harvard Medical School'''
*'''Internal Medicine Resident at St. Vincent Hospital'''

'''Interests:'''
|}

Ohio University

2013-09-30T18:24:05Z

Kristin Feeney:

{{infobox University
|name=Ohio University
|image_name =
|motto=''Religio Doctrina Civilitas, Prae Omnibus Virtus (Religion, Learning, Politics/Civility; Above All, Virtue)'' 
|established=[[1804]]
|type=[[Public]]
|endowment=[[United States dollar|$]] 208 [[million]]
|faculty=2,187
|president=[[Roderick J. McDavis]]
|city=[[Athens, Ohio|Athens]]
|state=[[Ohio]]
|country=[[United States]]
|students=28,804
|undergrad=25,543
|postgrad=3,261
|campus=1,800 acres (7.3 km²) on the Athens Campus
|free_label=Athletics
|free=[[Ohio Bobcats]] (6 men's varsity teams, 10 women's)
|website=University: [http://www.ohio.edu/ www.ohio.edu] Athletics: [http://www.ohiobobcats.com/ www.ohiobobcats.com]
|mascot = Rufus the Bobcat [http://ohiobobcats.cstv.com/genrel/090506aaa.html]
|colors= Hunter Green and White}}

'''Ohio University (OU)''' is a public university located in [[Athens, Ohio]] that is situated on a 1,800 acre (7.3 km²) campus. Founded in [[1804]], it is the oldest college in [[Ohio]] and the first in the [[Northwest Territory]].
 

==History==
[[Image:CampusOU.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Ohio University]]
The [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1800 called for educational institutions as part of the settlement and eventual statehood of the [[Northwest Territory]]: "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." In [[1797]], settlers from [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] traveled up the [[Hocking River]] to establish a location for the school, choosing [[Athens, Ohio|Athens]] due to its location directly between [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]] (the original capital of [[Ohio]]) and [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]]. At first called American Western University, Ohio University was founded on [[February 18]], [[1804]], a year after [[Ohio]] was admitted to the Union. The first three students enrolled in 1808 . Ohio University graduated two students with bachelor's degrees in 1815 . The famous E.W. Scripps School of Journalism was established with a grant from the Scripps Foundation. In [[1975]], Ohio University opened the College of Osteopathic Medicine, which remains the only college in Ohio specializing in [[osteopathy]]. Today the university is known for its strong Journalism and Visual Communication programs, as well as its [[Avionics|Avionics Engineering]] Center. The Avionics Engineering Center, part of the Russ College of Engineering, specializes in the research, development, and evaluation of electronic navigation, communication, and surveillance systems. The center, the largest at Ohio University, was established in 1963 to support a unique combination of theoreticians and technical specialists to address navigation issues encountered in air transportation and furnish immediate, practical solutions.

==New Baker Center==
The newly constructed John Calhoun Baker Center opened in January, 2007. Considered one of the best in the country the $65 Million Dollar student center features Georgian-style architecture and expansive windows throughout the building that offer spectacular views of campus and allow a great deal of natural light to enter. In contrast to the exterior's rich red brick, distinctive white columns and accents, the interior has a more contemporary feel. The interior features high ceilings, ergonomic furniture and a color scheme of sage, plum and mocha to create an inviting, casual atmosphere.

The 6 story student center boasts a large food court, a fine dining restaurant, a ballroom, student shop, coffee shop, theater, many computer labs, lots of office space, and many other amenities connected by three sets of escalator's giving the center very much a "mall" feel.

The "Main Street effect" is something planners prepared for from the start – by incorporating an escalator system to carry people through the atrium that cuts through the building and connects the upper and lower portions of the campus. This design feature earned the facility mention in a 2006 Association of College Unions International book as a best practice. It is also the first set of elevators in Athens County.

==Organization==
Ohio University is organized into several colleges:
*[http://www.cas.ohiou.edu/ College of Arts & Sciences]
*[http://www.cob.ohiou.edu/ College of Business]
*[http://www.commcoll.ohiou.edu/ Scripps College of Communication]
*[http://www.ohio.edu/education/ College of Education]
*[http://www.ohio.edu/engineering/ Russ College of Engineering and Technology]
*[http://www.ohiou.edu/finearts/ College of Fine Arts]
*[http://www.hhs.ohiou.edu/ College of Health and Human Services]
*[[Honors Tutorial College]][http://www.ohiou.edu/honors/]
*[http://www.ohio.edu/univcollege/ University College]
*[http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/ College of Osteopathic Medicine]
*[http://www.ohiou.edu/internationalstudies/ Center for International Studies]

More than 8,000 students attend Ohio University's five regional campuses:
*Eastern ([[St. Clairsville, Ohio|St. Clairsville]])
*[[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]]
*[[Lancaster, Ohio|Lancaster]]
*[[Ohio University Southern Campus|Southern]] ([[Ironton, Ohio|Ironton]])
*[[Ohio University-Chillicothe|Chillicothe]]

==Classification==
[[Image:Stocker.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Stocker Center, College of Engineering]]
Ohio University was named by the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] as a Doctoral/High Research Activity institution to reflect its growing number of graduate programs. Other public universities in Ohio with this classification are -- [[Bowling Green State University]], [[Kent State University]], [[Miami University]], the [[University of Akron]], the [[University of Toledo]] and [[Wright State University]]. University libraries contain more than 2.4 million bound volumes. {{fact|date=July 2007}}

==Nationally competitive awards==
Ohio University is recognized for its student success rate in competing for nationally competitive awards. In 2006, twelve Ohio University students received [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] scholarships. In 2005, Ohio University had 9 Fulbright Scholars.

Other awards received by recent Ohio University students include the Mitchell Scholarship, the Truman Scholarship, [[Mo Udall|Morris K. Udall]] Scholarship, and the [[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater]] Scholarship and Hollings Scholarship, which were won by the same student during the 2005-2006 academic year.

==Research at Ohio University==
Ohio University offers a fertile environment for research. A variety of unique research programs and institutes bring top practitioners who provide students with opportunities to work with and learn from world-class scientists and scholars actively engaged in advancing their disciplines.

Ohio University's Board of Trustees approved [http://www.ohiou.edu/research/centersinst.htm Research Centers and Institutes] include:

* In Engineering and Technology, Ohio University sponsors: The Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment; The Center for Advanced Materials Processing; The Center for Advanced Software Systems Integration; The Automatic Identification Education and Research Center; The Avionics Engineering Research Center; The Institute for Corrosion & Multiphase Technology; The Center for Intelligent, Distributed and Dependable Systems; The Ohio Research Institute for Transportation and the Environment; and, The T. Richard and Eleanora K. Robe Leadership Institute.

* The Appalachian Rural Health Institute; The Institute for Applied and Professional Ethics; The Charles J. Ping Institute for the Teaching of the Humanities; The Edison Biotechnology Institute; Institute for the Empirical Study of Language; The University's Business Incubator, The Innovation Center; and, The Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute.

* The College of Arts and Sciences sponsors: The African American Research and Service Institute; The Astrophysical Institute; The [[Contemporary History Institute]]; The George V. Voinovich Center for Leadership and Public Affairs; The Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation; The Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics; The Ohio University Cartographic Center; The Institute for Quantitative Biology; and, The Center for Ring Theory and Its Applications.

* The School of Business sponsors: The Center for eBusiness; The Center for International Business Education and Development; The Ohio University Insurance Institute; and, The Sales Center.

* In Communications disciplines, Ohio University sponsors: The Institute for International Journalism; The Scripps Survey Research Center; The Telecommunications Center; and, The Institute for Telecommunication Studies.

* In Education, Ohio University sponsors: The Center for Cooperative Curriculum Development and Partnerships; The Institute for Democracy in Education; The George Hill Center for Counseling & Research; The Center for Higher Education; and, The Center for the Study and Development of Literacy and Language.

* In Health and Human Services, Ohio University sponsors: The Child Development Center and The Center for Sports Administration.

* In International Studies, Ohio University sponsors The Institute for the African Child.

* Ohio University's renowned College of Osteopathic Medicine sponsors: The Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine and The Tropical and Geographical Disease Institute.

==E.W. Scripps School of Journalism==
One of the flagship programs of Ohio University, the [[E.W. Scripps School of Journalism]], is in the [http://www.commcoll.ohiou.edu/ Scripps College of Communication]. The school was named one of the nation's top five programs in a survey conducted by Youngs, Walter & Co., a Chicago-based management consulting firm. The school's graduate program, in 1996, was named [http://www.ohio.edu/rankings/usnews.cfm/ seventh] in U.S. News and World Report's journalism education ranking. Undergraduates select from [http://scrippsjschool.org/academic_options.php/ six sequence options] -- advertising management, broadcast news, magazine journalism, news writing & editing, online journalism and public relations.

==The College of Fine Arts and the Kennedy Museum of Art==
[http://www.finearts.ohio.edu/home.htm The Ohio University College of Fine Arts] aspires to educate artists and scholars to articulate and express themselves through intellectual examination, participatory training, and research practice. Members of Ohio University's world-class faculty are working artists, instructors, and researchers who both teach and practice their arts. The residential learning community emphasizes an arts culture that crosses the boundaries of the majors and disciplines within the Arts. The College's approach to education is diverse, dynamic, and international providing an environment rich and deep with opportunities for expression.

[http://www.ohiou.edu/museum/ The Kennedy Museum of Art], named to honor Edwin L. and Ruth E. Kennedy, is housed at [http://www.ohiou.edu/athens/greens/theridges.html The Ridges] in historic [http://www.ohiou.edu/athens/bldgs/lin.html Lin Hall]. It contains noteworthy collections including significant southwest Native American textiles, jewelry, and a celebrated contemporary collection of prints. This exceptional institution offers a wide array of exhibitions, a line-up of educational offerings, tours, and more.

==School of Recreation and Sports Sciences==
Considered one of the top schools of its kind in the country, with its Graduate Programs often referred to as the best in the country, [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/index.htm The School of Recreation and Sport Sciences] offers an array of prominent, nationally recognized academic programs at the graduate and undergraduate levels. The Sport Management Program is one of approximately thirty such programs in the country to have won program approval by the Sport Management Program Review Council (SMPRC). Programs of study in the School emphasize an accommodating learning atmosphere that promotes high academic standards and a commitment to encouraging an active and healthy lifestyle. The School is dedicated to creating, improving, and propagating theoretical and practical information through its distinct programs.

* Undergraduate majors: [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/ohioated/undergraduate.htm Athletic Training]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/exphys.htm Exercise Physiology]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/physed.htm Physical Education]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/recstudies.htm Recreation Studies]; and, [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/SPORTMANAGEMENT.HTM Sport Management]

* Undergraduate minor: [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/recreationminor.htm Recreation]

* Graduate programs: [http://www.ouwb.ohiou.edu/maa Athletic Administration]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/ohioated/gradateducation.htm Athletic Training Education]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/gradcoaching.htm Coaching Education]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/gradexphys.htm Physiology of Exercise]; [http://www.ohiou.edu/rsps/gradrecstudies.htm Recreation Studies]; and, [http://www.sportsad.ohio.edu Sports Administration and Facilities Management]

==Russ College of Engineering and Technology==
This college is the home to the University's programs in the traditional fields of engineering at the undergraduate and graduate level. [http//www.ohio.edu/engineering College information]. It enrolls . Enrolling approximately 1,400 undergraduates and almost 300 graduate students. It is named in honor of Dr. Fritz J. Russ, an alumnus in electrical engineering and the founder of Systems Research Laboratories, a major bioengineering concern. [http://www.ohio.edu/outlook/04-05/161f-045.cfm Tribute].

==Athletics==
[[Image:OhioBobcats.png|thumb|300px|right|Ohio Bobcats logo]]
{{main|Ohio Bobcats}}
{{main|Ohio Bobcats football}}
{{main|Ohio Bobcats men's basketball}}
Men's and women's athletics teams at Ohio University are nicknamed the Bobcats, with the school colors being hunter green and white. The Bobcats compete in NCAA Division I (I-A in [[American football|football]]) as a member of the [[Mid-American Conference]]. They maintain strong rivalries with the other MAC schools in Ohio, particularly [[Miami University]] and the [[University of Akron]].

The long and storied tradition of Ohio Bobcats [[American football|football]] began in 1894 with an 8-0 loss to [[Marietta College]]. Since that day, the Bobcats have posted a 479-497-48 record over their 112 year existence and a 185-227-12 record over their 60 years in the Mid-American Conference. The Bobcats have won 5 MAC Football Championships in [[1953]], [[1960]], [[1963]], [[1967]], and 1968 and a MAC East Division Championship in 2006 . Prior to joining the MAC, the Bobcats won 6 Buckeye Athletic Association Championships in [[1929]], [[1930]], [[1931]], [[1935]], [[1936]], and 1938 . In [[1960]], the Bobcats were crowned National Small College Champions after compiling a 10-0 record under Coach Bill Hess. The Bobcats have appeared in three bowl games, losing 14-15 to [[West Texas A&M University|West Texas State]] in the [[1962]] [[Sun Bowl]], losing 42-49 to [[University of Richmond|Richmond]] in the [[1968]] [[Capital One Bowl|Tangerine Bowl]], and most recently falling to [[The University of Southern Mississippi|Southern Mississippi]] 28-7 in the [[2007]] [[GMAC Bowl]].

Under the guidance of Frank Solich, the Ohio football program has enjoyed a return to new levels of national prominence in 2006 . On [[November 16]],[[2006]] the Bobcats secured their first ever [[Mid-American Conference]] East Division title and their first football championship of any sort since 1968 with a victory over the [[University of Akron]] [[University of Akron|Zips]]. They then advanced to the [[MAC Football Championship Game|MAC Championship Game]] in [[Detroit, Michigan]], where they were defeated by Central Michigan 31-10. On [[January 7]], [[2007]], the Bobcats were the MAC representative to the [[GMAC Bowl]] in [[Mobile, Alabama]], losing 28-7 to the [[University of Southern Mississippi]] [[University of Southern Mississippi|Golden Eagles]] in a game nationally televised on [[ESPN]].

One of Ohio's most successful varsity sports is its men's [[basketball]] program. The first Ohio basketball game occurred in 1907 when the Bobcats defeated the [[Parkersburg]] [[YMCA]] 46-9. Since that day, Ohio has posted a .565 winning percentage over their 99 year history and a .564 winning percentage in their 60 years in the Mid-American Conference. The Bobcats have won 5 Mid-American Conference Tournament titles in [[1983]], [[1985]], [[1994]], and 2005 as well as numerous MAC regular season titles. In addition, Ohio has played in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Tournament]] 11 times, appearing in [[1960]], [[1961]], [[1964]], [[1965]], [[1970]], [[1972]], [[1974]], [[1983]], [[1985]], [[1994]], and 2005 . The Bobcats have been selected for the [[National Invitation Tournament]] 4 times in [[1941]], [[1969]], [[1986]], and [[1995]], finishing as runner up in 1941 . In addition, the Bobcats won the prestigious Pre-Season National Invitation Tournament in 1994 . As a result of the long and storied tradition of Ohio Bobcats basketball, the program was ranked 86th in ''Street & Smith's 100 Greatest Basketball Programs of All Time''. Also, the Ohio University Equestrian Team has proven itself very successful over the past decade. They were 2003 National Champions, 2006 Reserve Regional Champions, and 2007 Regional Champions.

Ohio's [[Olympic Sports]] programs are also among some of the best in the MAC and in the nation. Ohio's volleyball team has been steadily increasing in popularity. Under the direction of Coach Geoff Carlston, the team has won four consecutive Mid-American Conference Titles and made four consecutive NCAA tournament appearances. In [[2005]], the team made the "sweet 16" of the NCAA tournament. Ohio's women's swimming and diving team consistently has won numerous MAC Championships. The Aquatic Center, one of the finest swimming and diving facilities in the league and in the nation, has hosted numerous MAC Women's Swimming and Diving Tournaments. The Bobcat's wrestling team has a long and storied history and the team has found itself in the national top 25 many times over the years. Recent graduate Jake Percival was a four time All-American. The Ohio baseball program has won numerous MAC titles under Coach Joe Carbone and made a College World Series appearance in 1970 . There have been 23 former Bobcats to make the major leagues, most notably hall of fame third baseman Mike Schmidt.

Ohio's athletic facilities make up another important component of a winning tradition. [[Peden Stadium]], Ohio's football venue, is one of the best in the conference and the nation. The stadium, though small in size, is big in atmosphere and tradition. The [[Convocation Center (Ohio University)|Convocation Center]], home of Bobcats basketball, volleyball, and wrestling, is also a great facility. The largest basketball arena in the MAC, and one of the largest in the state, the Convo's hostile environment has allowed the Bobcats to win over 75% of their games in the facility. The "O-Zone" student cheering section for men's basketball games is among the largest and most recognized in the Mid-American Conference and the nation.

Ohio University is also home to the nationally-acclaimed [[The Ohio University Marching 110|Ohio University Marching 110]] marching band--"The Most Exciting Band in the Land!", which continually draws crowds at the Bobcat football and basketball games. The band's unique use of contemporary popular music, a "power high-step" stop-action marching style, and high-energy choreographed dance breaks has led the band to perform at many unique venues throughout the years. On October 28, 1976, the Marching 110 became the first marching band in history to perform at [[Carnegie Hall]]. On January 20, 1993, the band performed for [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton's]] Presidential Inauguration in Washington, DC. The band has also performed at many professional football games and has taken part in the [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]] in 2000 and 2005 <ref name="brozak">{{cite book|first=George|last=Brozak|coauthors=|title=Diamond Ohio: A History of the Ohio University Bands|publisher=Diamond Ohio Press|location=Mansfield, Ohio|year=2004|editor=|id=ISBN 0-9763538-0-6}}</ref>

== Media ==
Under the umbrella of [http://www.woub.org Ohio University Public Radio], the university operates a number of public FM radio stations. WOUB Athens, WOUC Cambridge, WOUH Chillicothe, WOUL Lancaster, and WOUZ Zanesville broadcast the same programs throughout southeastern Ohio.

[http://www.acrn.com ACRN.com], the University's only student-run radio station, recently celebrated 35 years, and features a [[rock lobster]] (from [[The B-52s]] song "[[Rock Lobster (song)|Rock Lobster]]") as its mascot. The station is internet-only and essentially all matters of running the radio station are officiated by elected student executives.

[http://www.tcom.ohiou.edu/tv.html Ohio University Public Television] is a [[PBS]] affiliate broadcasting on [[WOUB-TV|WOUB Athens/WOUC Cambridge]]. In addition to national PBS programs, WOUB features ''Newswatch'', a nightly news broadcast with student reporters.

The web site, [http://wiredforbooks.org Wired for Books], has been ranked by the National Endowment for the Humanities as one of the best online resources for education in the humanities. Wired for Books is produced at the WOUB Center for Public Media.

The campus newspaper [http://www.thepost.ohiou.edu ''The Post''] is officially independent of the university and its administration, as is [http://www.speakeasymag.com SpeakeasyMag.com], a product of students in the innovative online journalism major at the E.W. Scripps School of Journalism.

[[Big Jim Balcom]] has a sports radio show and community corner where he talks with students in various ways. During Community Corner, Big Jim will ask trivia questions to students and give them prizes when they answer correctly.

== Presidents of Ohio University ==
[[Image:OU 032.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Cutler Hall, Office of the President]]
[[Image:KennedyMuseum OhioUniv.jpg|thumb|300px|Kennedy Museum of Art]]
{| border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"
|-
|20th || Roderick J. McDavis || (2004-present)
|-
|19th || Robert Glidden || (1994-2004)
|-
|18th || Charles J. Ping || (1975-1994)
|-
|17th || Harry B. Crewson || (1974-1975)
|-
|16th || Claude R. Sowle || (1969-1974)
|-
|15th || Vernon Roger Alden || (1962-1969)
|-
|14th || John Calhoun Baker || (1945-1961)
|-
|13th || [[Walter S. Gamertsfelder]] || (1943-1945)
|-
|12th || Herman Gerlach James || (1935-1943)
|-
|11th || Elmer Burritt Bryan || (1921-1934)
|-
|10th || Alston Ellis || (1901-1920)
|-
|9th || Isaac Crook || (1896-1898)
|-
|8th || Charles William Super || (1884-1896) (1899-1901)
|-
|7th || William Henry Scott || (1872-1883)
|-
|6th || Solomon Howard || (1852-1872)
|-
|5th || Alfred Ryors || (1848-1852)
|-
|4th || [[William Holmes McGuffey]] || (1839-1843)
|-
|3rd || Robert G. Wilson || (1824-1839)
|-
|2nd || [[James Irvine (educator)|James Irvine]] || (1822-1824)
|-
|1st || Jacob Lindley || (1809-1822)
|}

==Distinguished Alumni==


*[[Roger Ailes]], president of [[Fox News Channel]]
*[[Richard Dean Anderson]], actor on ''[[MacGyver]]'', ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', [[television producer]] (attended, but did not graduate)
*[[Robert Arter]], [[Major General]], [[United States Army]]
*[[Samuel Bigger]], Indiana governor, Indiana House of Representatives member, Indiana circuit court judge, [[Whig Party (United States)]]
*[[Bob Brenly]], [[Major League Baseball]] Player [[catcher]] - [[Manager]] of 2001 [[World Series]]Champion [[Arizona Diamondbacks]]
*[[Thom Brennaman]], [[Cincinnati Reds]] Announcer, among other sports
*[[Michael Buckley]], [[New York Times]] Bestselling Children's Author of [[The Sisters Grimm]] series
*[[Vanessa Bell Calloway]], [[African American Actress]], features in Coming to America and Biker Boyz
*[[Nancy Cartwright (actress)|Nancy Cartwright]], voice of [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] and several other characters on ''[[The Simpsons]]''- Attended for two years, then transferred.
*[[C. Brant DeVore]], president [[Otterbein College]]
*[[Jim Dine]], [[pop art]]ist
*[[John Dunn]], Head Equipment Manager, Carnegie Mellon University
*[[Amy Geier Edgar]], reporter, Associated Press {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Jonathan Edwards (musician)|Jonathan Edwards]], singer.
*[[Joe Eszterhas]], screenwriter
*[[Thomas Ewing]], [[United States Cabinet|cabinet member]] under several [[President of the United States|U.S. presidents]]
*[[Bo Finsterwald]], [[professional golfer]]
*[[Dow Finsterwald]], [[professional golfer]]; winner of the [[1958]] [[PGA Championship]].
*[[Jonathan Freeman]], Tony-nominated American actor
*[[Charles Geier]], developmental cognitive neuroscientist {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Shari Goldhagen]], author
*[[Dan Griffin]]"Thunder Dan", radio broadcaster {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Arsenio Hall]], [[comedian]], former [[talk show]] host
*[[Leon Harris]], [[news anchor]], CNN and WJLA
*[[Alexander K. Helbach]], Graphic Design Artist, [[Google]]
*[[William Heyen]], critic, poet, editor, educator
*[[Jenny Holzer]], [[artist]]
*[[Brandon Hunter]], professional basketball player, currently on the [[New Jersey Nets]].
*[[Kamil Idris]], current Director General of the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)
*[[Logan Inskeep]], Professional Curler {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Dave Jamerson]], former NBA Player.
*[[Dennis Johns]], celebrated Financial Analyst for First Student, Inc., and widely regarded as an all-around good guy.
*[[Sammy Kaye]], celebrated [[bandleader]]
*[[Peter King (sportswriter)|Peter King]], writer [[Sports Illustrated]], Journalist [[HBO]]'s [[Inside the NFL]]
*[[Roger Kline]], Ohio District Court of Appeals Judge {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Matt Lauer]], co-host of [[NBC|NBC's]] ''[[The Today Show]]''
*[[Art Lewis]], Head Coach of the [[St. Louis Rams|Cleveland Rams]] (1938)
*[[Jay Mariotti]], sports columnist and TV personality
*[[Scott Mayle]], NFL Player, wide receiver for the [[Buffalo Bills]]
*[[Patrick D. McCue]], Nationally acclaimed Photojournalist,[[National Geographic]]
*[[Matt Muncy]], NFL Player, linebacker for the [[Cincinnati Bengals]]
*[[Mary Murphy (choreographer)|Mary Murphy]], choreographer, judge on Fox's "[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]"
*[[Joe Nossek]], former Major League Baseball Player and Coach {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Kevin O'Keefe]], best-selling author of ''[[The Average American]]'' {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Ed O'Neill]], Al Bundy on "[[Married With Children]]" among other shows and movies, attended university before transferring to [[Youngstown State University]]
*[[Voncarie Owens]], NFL Player, running back for the [[St. Louis Rams]]
*[[Clarence Page]], Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the [[Chicago Tribune]]
*[[Piper Perabo]], [[actor|actress]], best known for her work in "[[Coyote Ugly]]"
*[[Barry Peters]], [[sportswriter]] and [[short story]] author best known for [[Arnie's Test Day]]
*[[Ramalinga Raju]], businessman
*[[Timothy Rich]], political analyst {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Edward James Roye]], former [[List of Presidents of Liberia|president]] of [[Liberia]]
*[[John Sant’Ambrogio]], principal cellist with the [[Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra]] from 1968 to 2005
*[[Martin Savidge]], NBC News Correspondent, and former CNN anchor
*[[Mike Schmidt]], [[Baseball Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] [[third baseman]] for the [[Philadelphia Phillies]]
*[[Don Swaim]], [[CBS Radio Network]], [[journalist]]
*[[Chuck Swirsky]], [[Toronto Raptors]] [[NBA]] TV broadcaster. Host of the "[[Chuck Swirsky Show]]"
*[[Walter Tevis]], American novelist
*[[Betty Thomas]], actress on ''[[Hill Street Blues]]'', [[film director]]
*[[Gary Trent]], former [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] player
*[[Kyle Uckert]], [[choreographer]] {{fact|date=July 2007}}
*[[Brian Unger]], humorist, satirist, original correspondent of [[The Daily Show]]
*[[George Voinovich]], [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]], former [[List of Governors of Ohio|Ohio governor]]
*[[Ty M. Votaw]], Executive with [[PGA Tour]], former commissioner of [[LPGA]]
*[[Robert Walter]], Business Executive, Chairman of Cardinal Health, an $81 Billion Fortune 100 Company
*[[David Wilhelm]], Former Chair, [[Democratic National Committee]]
*[[T.J. Wright]], NFL Player, [[cornerback]] for the [[Cincinnati Bengals]]
*[[Matthew E. Wulker]], Game Designer, [[Microsoft Game Studios]]
*[[Dave Zastudil]], NFL Player, [[punter (football position)|punter]] for the [[Cleveland Browns]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ohio.edu/ Official Website of Ohio University]
* [http://ohiobobcats.cstv.com/ Official Athletic Website of Ohio University]
* [http://www.ouifc.com/ Ohio University Interfraternity Council]
* [http://www.athensohio.com/ Athens County Convention and Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.athenschamber.com/ Athens Area Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.ohiogwc.com/ Ohio Green & White Club - Athletic Boosters]
* [http://www.ohiou.edu/afrotc/ Ohio University's Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps]
* [http://www.ohiou.edu/armyrotc/ Ohio University's Army Reserve Officer Training Corps]
* [http://www.finearts.ohio.edu/pages/news/calendar.htm Ohio University's Fine Arts Performance and Exhibition Calendar]

{{Mid-American Conference}}
{{Public universities in Ohio}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1804]]
[[Category:Athens County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ohio| ]]
[[Category:Mid-American Conference]]
[[Category:Zanesville, Ohio]]
[[Category:Schools of medicine in the United States]]

[[de:Ohio University]]
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[[ja:オハイオ大学]]
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Hyperchloremia (patient information)

2013-09-09T13:44:01Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Hyperchloremia|here]]'''
{{Hyperchloremia (patient information)}}
{{CMG}} '''Assistant Editor-In Chief:''' [[User:Dipen Kumar|Dipen Kumar]][mailto:superkirby25@gmail.com]

==Overview==
Hyperchloremia is a condition where the amount of chloride ions (Cl-) in the body are too high. This condition can affect the transport of oxygen.

==What are the symptoms of Hyperchloremia?==
Often, hyperchloremia does not produce symptoms. Symptoms may include:
* Excessive fluid loss ([[Diarrhea (patient information)|Diarrhea]], [[Vomiting (patient information)|Vomiting]])
* [[Dyspnea (patient information)|Dyspnea]] ([[Dyspnea (patient information)|shortness of breath]])
* Intense [[thirst]]
* [[Muscle weakness (patient information)|Weakness]]
* [[Tachypnea]] ([[rapid breathing]])
* [[Hypertension (patient information)|Hypertension]] ([[Hypertension (patient information)|high blood pressure]])
* [[Pitting Edema]] (abnormal amount of fluid under the skin, causing swelling)
* Lowered cognitive ability
* [[Kussmaul's breathing]] ([[very deep and labored breathing at a normal or reduced rate]])
* [[Coma (patient information)|Coma]]

If the sufferer is a diabetic, hyperchloremia can cause high levels of blood sugar.

==What causes Hyperchloremia?==
Hyperchloremia is caused by:
# '''Low [[Anion Gap]] (when the difference in positive and negative ions in the serum is low)'''
# '''Metabolic and Endocrine'''
#*[[Diabetic coma (patient information)|Diabetic coma]]
#* [[Diabetes insipidus (patient information)|Diabetes insipidus]]
#* [[Hyperparathyroidism (patient information)|Hyperparathyroidism]]
#* [[Metabolic acidosis (patient information)|Metabolic Acidosis]]
#* Type I and II [[Renal Tubular Acidosis]]
#* [[Hypernatremia (patient information)|Hypernatremia]]
# '''Gastorintestinal'''
#* [[Dehydration (patient information)|Dehydration]]
#* Ileal conduits
#* Kidney diseases
#* Loss of pancreatic secretion
#* Prolonged [[Diarrhea (patient information)|Diarrhea]]
#* Ureteral colonic anastomosis
#* Vomiting
# '''Brain stem injury causing neurogenic hyperventilation'''
# '''Medications'''
#* Androgens
#* Corticosteroids
#* Diuretics
#* Estrogens

==Who is at highest risk?==
People who are at risk are patients who have diabetes or kidney diseases.

==Diagnosis==
Tests can be done to check your serum:
* If your serum chloride levels are greater than 106 mEq/L you have hyperchloremia
* Serum pH is under 7.35
* Serum carbon dioxide levels less than 22 mEq/L.
A chloride test can be done on a sample of the total urine collected over a 24-hour period (24-hour urine sample) to find out how much chloride is excreted.

==When to seek urgent medical care?==
'''Consult a doctor immediately if you have any of these:'''

* Drowsiness or confusion
* Extreme nausea that interferes with eating and not relieved by medicines
* Having diarrhea 4 to 6 times in a day that is not relieved by diet modification or anti-diarrhea drugs
* Irritability and muscle twitching
* Poor appetite and increased urination
* Severe constipation for 2 to 3 days, and not relieved by laxatives
* Vomiting more than 4 to 5 times in a day

==Treatment options==
Since hyperchloremia is just an ion imbalance, the usual treatment is correcting the cause of the hyperchloremia. If caused by:

* Dehydration- therapy to maintaining enough hydration
* Dysfunctional endocrine/hormone system- refer to an endocrinologist
* Kidney diseases- refer to a nephrologist
* Medications- if they are caused or made worse by drugs, stop or alter the treatment

==Where to find medical care for Hyperchloremia?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Condition}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Hyperchloremia]

==Prevention==
Some ways to prevent hyperchloremia include:

* Supplementing magnesium in your food, under the doctor's supervision only.
* Since our diet is the most common source of how we intake chloride, controlling it can keep the levels of chloride within the normal levels .
* In accordance with the National Institute of Health, adults should be consumeing 2 to 2.3 grams of chloride every day. As age increases the necessity decreases; however, necessity increases during pregnancy.
* Foods like celery, lettuce, olives, tomatoes etc. have a lot of chloride. These foods should be consumed less if there is higher amounts of chloride in the body.

==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
When going to the doctor you will be asked some of these question and be administered a blood test to check for abnormalities, the questions might be:

* How long have you had the symptoms?
* Do you have a history with diabetes, kidney disease or heart diseases?
* What medicines are you currently taking (including over-the-counter, vitamins or herbal remedies)?

==Possible complications==
Possible complications are related to the underlying disorder of the hyperchloremia.

Neurologic complications include CNS thrombosis or hemorrhage, seizures, and hyperactivity.

==Sources==
[http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperchloremia-high-chloride.aspx#.Ug9NXudkz0p http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/side-effects/hyperchloremia-high-chloride.aspx#.Ug9NXudkz0p]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremia]

[http://healthooze.com/hyperchloremia/ http://healthooze.com/hyperchloremia/]

[http://users.silenceisdefeat.net/mindful/data/02080209.html http://users.silenceisdefeat.net/mindful/data/02080209.html]

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757473 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757473]

[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003485.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003485.htm]

[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hyperchloremia.htm http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hyperchloremia.htm]

[[Category:Electrolyte disturbances]]
[[Category:Inborn errors of metabolism]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Patient information]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Palpatation (patient information)

2013-08-29T13:45:06Z

Kristin Feeney: ←Redirected page to Palpitation (patient information)

#REDIRECT [[Palpitation (patient information)]]

Palpatations (patient information)

2013-08-29T13:44:32Z

Kristin Feeney: ←Redirected page to Palpitation (patient information)

#REDIRECT [[Palpitation (patient information)]]

Palpatations (patient information)

2013-08-29T13:44:03Z

Kristin Feeney: ←Redirected page to Palpitations (patient information)

#REDIRECT [[Palpitations (patient information)]]

Flatulence (patient information)

2013-08-29T11:55:10Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Flatulence (patient information)}}
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click [[Flatulence|here]]'''

'''Editor-In-Chief:'''; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''

==Overview==

==What are the symptoms of Flatulence?==

==What causes Flatulence?==

==Who is at highest risk?==

==Diagnosis==

==When to seek urgent medical care?==

==Treatment options==

==Where to find medical care for Flatulence?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Condition}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Flatulence]

==Prevention==

==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==

==Possible complications==

==Sources==

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:primary care]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Methane]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

User:Kristin Feeney

2013-08-22T18:56:26Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
'''Kristin Feeney, B.S., M.P.H. Candidate at BUSPH'''[[Image:KFeeney.png|right|frame]]
[[Editorial Board|Deputy Assistant Editor-In-Chief]] + [[Why volunteer at WikiDoc|WikiDoc Scholar Program Coordinator]], WikiDoc Foundation (a 509 (a)(1) Charitable Organization)
 '''Contact:''' [mailto:kfeeney@wikidoc.org, kfeeney@wikidoc.org]; '''Phone:''' 617-632-7590[[File:Linkedin.jpg|30px|link=http://www.linkedin.com/company/the-wikidoc-foundation|alt=Connect on LinkedIn]]

==Professional Background==
*Research Assistant III at PERFUSE Study Group, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, ''January 2011-Present''

==Education==
Boston University School of Public Health, '''Master's of Public Health''', Epidemiology, ''Presently Attending''
 Elon University, Elon, NC, '''Bachelor's of Science''', Exercise Science (minors: Religious Studies, Public Health), ''December 2010''

==Professional Memberships==
American Public Health Association, Student Assembly Member

{{Semantic Social Profile
|SSP name=Kristin Feeney
|SSP e-mail=kfeeney@perfuse.org
|SSP location city=Brookline
|SSP location state=Massachusetts
|SSP location country=United States
|SSP home city=Marlborough
|SSP home state=Massachusetts
|SSP home country=United States
|SSP homeplace=Marlborough,Massachusetts,United States
|SSP birthday=1989-07-02
|SSP about me=
|SSP occupation= Research Assistant
|SSP schools=
|SSP places= Cardiology
|SSP websites=
|SSP interests=
|SSP avatar=
|SSP foes=
|SSP friends=
}}

File:Connect-large.gif

2013-08-16T17:29:13Z

Kristin Feeney:

Critical pathways project

2013-08-16T12:07:19Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AO}}

==Overview==
Critical pathways are multidisciplinary management tools based on evidence-based practice for a specific group of patients with a predictable clinical course, in which the different tasks (interventions) by the professionals involved in the patient care are defined, optimized and sequenced. The use of critical pathways in hospitals have been proven to improve the quality of care to patients, reduce the cost of care and reduce the length of hospital stay.<ref name="Renholm-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Renholm | first1 = M. | last2 = Leino-Kilpi | first2 = H. | last3 = Suominen | first3 = T. | title = Critical pathways. A systematic review. | journal = J Nurs Adm | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 196-202 | month = Apr | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 11984255 }}</ref> WikiDoc is proud to engage in such a project.

==Unmet Needs==
Health care has undergone rapid changes over the years. The world of medicine is rapidly evolving and there is the need of a tool to improve the quality of health care administered to patients with the aim of reducing the cost of health care, standardizing health care processes, reducing the occurrence of medical errors and optimizing the treatment outcomes both in the acute and home care settings.

==How Can WikiDoc Meet These Needs?==
The WikiDoc team has come up with the 'critical pathways project' intended to solve these problems. The critical pathways project is focused on creating standardized treatment protocols for the management of medical conditions by applying evidence-based medical approaches to patient care. With the use of critical pathways, a health care giver can rapidly determine the treatment goals of a specific medical condition and institute appropriate actions in a chronological sequence with optimal efficiency. This project is intended for interns, residents, attending physicians, hospitalists, specialists, nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants their knowledge and clinical experience. This project aims at improving the quality of making diagnoses and treating medical conditions, reducing the variability in treatment, and to improve the overall quality of patient care. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==How Can You Help WikiDoc Meet These Needs?==
Your participation as an Assistant Editor-in-Chief in this project is very important to us at WikiDoc. You are welcome to apply if you are an intern, resident, attending physician, specialist, nurse or a nurse practitioner. It is required of you to have a strong grasp of medical knowledge, and preferably, a prior residency training and experience in order to apply.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Help]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:34:05Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:32:58Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:32:40Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible collapsed"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:32:11Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:31:58Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsed"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:31:41Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:31:02Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:30:42Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsable"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:30:15Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:29:21Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:29:06Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:28:30Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Appendix A= */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A===

===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T16:28:14Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A====
===Developed Countries===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|}

===Developing===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T15:47:35Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Main_help_page_small.PNG|100px|link=Help]]
[[Image:Projects.PNG|100px|link=Projects]]
[[Image:Editor's_Tools.PNG|100px|link=Help Menu]]

{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The purpose of the Prevalence project is to create the world's largest open source repository of published epidemiologic data. WikiDoc intends to utilize this information to help patients understand how likely or unlikely they are to develop a specific disease/condition. This project is intended for high school students, college students, medical students, doctoral students or higher to contribute their expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of conducting academic research and calculating prevalence based on published data. WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

==Goals of the Prevalence project==
* To assemble the world's largest open source repository of published prevalence data for rare diseases.
* To help patients understand and quantify the risk of developing a specific disease or condition.
* To create data to help build an artificial intelligence system for diagnosing diseases.

==Who can contribute to the Prevalence project?==
The Prevalence project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. It is specifically designed for students of all levels (high school, college, medical school, and doctoral programs) to help hone their quantitative research skills.

==How to get started==
If you are interested in the Prevalence project, please email [mailto:questions@wikidoc.org WikiDoc] to obtain your portion to research of the Prevalence database.

==Next steps==
1. A member of the WikiDoc team will send you a research assignment. To begin, open your spreadsheet.
2. Identify a disease in column B. ''Note: You will ignore any diseases in blue font.''
3. Find the prevalence of the disease in the form of cases per 100,000 using reputable resources. An example of a reputable source would be the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, the Clinton Foundation, etc. When possible, find the prevalence of the disease in both developed countries (column C) and undeveloped/developing countries (column D). [[Prevalence project#Appendix A|Click here to determine if a country is developed versus developing.]]
:* Prevalence is defined as the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a given time.

::*'''Scenario One:''' Sometimes the prevalence of a disease can be taken directly from a source and other times it may be given but may need to be converted into the form of cases per 100,000. Ex. 20 cases per 1,000 should be converted to 2,000 cases per 100,000 and entered as “2,000” in the appropriate column.
::*'''Scenario Two:''' Sometimes the prevalence cannot be found for a particular disease. In this scenario the prevalence can be calculated by dividing the number of reported cases by the size of the population those cases were reported in. Ex. If 2,000 cases of a disease were reported in the U.S. the prevalence of the disease would be calculated by dividing those cases by 316,000,000 - the population of the U.S. 2,000/316,000,000 = 6.32911E-06. Multiply this result by 100,000 to achieve the statistic in the form of cases per 100,000. For this example “0.632911392” should be entered in column C. Here is the generalized formula:
[[Image:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG|link=|center|]]

:* Perform all calculations in the excel sheet using the basic excel functions. Please also provide a short and simple explanation of the calculation in column E. This should include the number of cases and the population size used in the calculation. Adapt the following explanation for this purpose: The prevalence was calculated by dividing the X number of reported cases by the Y population of country Z and multiplied by 100,000.

4. Enter the source(s) from which information was taken in columns F and G. Be sure that another researcher could independently verify your calculations using only the sources you provide in these columns and the explanation of the calculations you performed.
5. Save the spreadsheet as “Prevalence DB_[Your Initials].xlsx” replacing the “Your Initials” portion with your initials. For example, “Prevalence DB_KMF.xlsx”.
6. Send the completed spreadsheet to [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)].

If you have any questions, please ask before you proceed. Kristin is available via telephone Monday-Friday 8AM-5PM EST at 617-632-7590. You may also email [mailto:kfeeney@perfuse.org Kristin (kfeeney@perfuse.org)] with any questions you have.

===Appendix A====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! scope="col" | Country Name
! scope="col" | Status
|-
| Andorra||Developed
|-
| Australia||Developed
|-
| Austria||Developed
|-
| Belgium||Developed
|-
| Bermuda||Developed
|-
| Canada||Developed
|-
| Cyprus||Developed
|-
| Czech Republic||Developed
|-
| Denmark||Developed
|-
| Faroe Islands||Developed
|-
| Finland||Developed
|-
| France||Developed
|-
| Germany||Developed
|-
| Greece||Developed
|-
| Holy See||Developed
|-
| Hong Kong||Developed
|-
| Iceland||Developed
|-
| Ireland||Developed
|-
| Israel||Developed
|-
| Italy||Developed
|-
| Japan||Developed
|-
| Liechtenstein||Developed
|-
| Luxembourg||Developed
|-
| Malta||Developed
|-
| Monaco||Developed
|-
| Netherlands||Developed
|-
| New Zeland||Developed
|-
| Norway||Developed
|-
| Portugal||Developed
|-
| San Marino||Developed
|-
| Singapore||Developed
|-
| Slovak Republic||Developed
|-
| Slovenia||Developed
|-
| South Korea||Developed
|-
| Spain||Developed
|-
| Sweden||Developed
|-
| Switzerland||Developed
|-
| Taiwan||Developed
|-
| United Kingdom||Developed
|-
| United States||Developed
|-
| Afghanistan||Developing
|-
| Algeria||Developing
|-
| Angola||Developing
|-
| Antigua and Barbuda||Developing
|-
| Argentina||Developing
|-
| Aruba||Developing
|-
| The Bahamas||Developing
|-
| Bahrain||Developing
|-
| Bangladesh||Developing
|-
| Barbados||Developing
|-
| Belize||Developing
|-
| Benin||Developing
|-
| Bhutan||Developing
|-
| Bolivia||Developing
|-
| Botswana||Developing
|-
| Brazil||Developing
|-
| Burkina Faso||Developing
|-
| Burma||Developing
|-
| Burduni||Developing
|-
| Cambodia||Developing
|-
| Cameroon||Developing
|-
| Cape Verde||Developing
|-
| Central African Republic||Developing
|-
| Chad||Developing
|-
| Chile||Developing
|-
| China||Developing
|-
| Colombia||Developing
|-
| Comoros||Developing
|-
| Democratic Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Republic of the Congo||Developing
|-
| Costa Rica||Developing
|-
| Cote d'Ivoire||Developing
|-
| Cyprus||Developing
|-
| Djibouti||Developing
|-
| Dominica||Developing
|-
| Dominican Republic||Developing
|-
| Ecuador||Developing
|-
| Egypt||Developing
|-
| El Salvador||Developing
|-
| Equatorial Guinea||Developing
|-
| Ethiopia||Developing
|-
| Fiji||Developing
|-
| Gabon||Developing
|-
| The Gambia||Developing
|-
| Ghan||Developing
|-
| Grenada||Developing
|-
| Guatemala||Developing
|-
| Guinea||Developing
|-
| Guinea-Bissau||Developing
|-
| Guyana||Developing
|-
| Haiti||Developing
|-
| Honduras||Developing
|-
| India||Developing
|-
| Indonesia||Developing
|-
| Iran||Developing
|-
| Iraq||Developing
|-
| Jamaica||Developing
|-
| Jordan||Developing
|-
| Kenya||Developing
|-
| Kiribati||Developing
|-
| Kuwait||Developing
|-
| Loas||Developing
|-
| Lebanon||Developing
|-
| Lesotho||Developing
|-
| Liberia||Developing
|-
| Libya||Developing
|-
| Madagascar||Developing
|-
| Malwai||Developing
|-
| Malaysia||Developing
|-
| Maldives||Developing
|-
| Mali||Developing
|-
| Marshall Islands||Developing
|-
| Mauritania||Developing
|-
| Mauritius||Developing
|-
| Mexico||Developing
|-
| Federated States of Micronesia||Developing
|-
| Morocco||Developing
|-
| Mozambique||Developing
|-
| Namibia||Developing
|-
| Nepal||Developing
|-
| Netherlands Antilles||Developing
|-
| Nicaragua||Developing
|-
| Niger||Developing
|-
| Nigeria||Developing
|-
| Oman||Developing
|-
| Pakistan||Developing
|-
| Panama||Developing
|-
| Papua New Guinea||Developing
|-
| Paraguay||Developing
|-
| Peru||Developing
|-
| Philippines||Developing
|-
| Qatar||Developing
|-
| Rwanda||Developing
|-
| Saint Kitts and Nevis||Developing
|-
| Saint Lucia||Developing
|-
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Developing
|-
| Samoa||Developing
|-
| Sao Tome and Principe||Developing
|-
| Saudi Arabia||Developing
|-
| Senegal||Developing
|-
| Seychelles||Developing
|-
| Sierra Leone||Developing
|-
| Solomon Islands||Developing
|-
| Somalia||Developing
|-
| South Africa||Developing
|-
| Sri Lanka||Developing
|-
| Sudan||Developing
|-
| Suriname||Developing
|-
| Swaziland||Developing
|-
| Syria||Developing
|-
| Tanzania||Developing
|-
| Thailand||Developing
|-
| Togo||Developing
|-
| Trinidad and Tobago||Developing
|-
| Tunisia||Developing
|-
| Turkey||Developing
|-
| United Arab Emirates||Developing
|-
| Uganda||Developing
|-
| Uruguay||Developing
|-
| Vanuatu||Developing
|-
| Venezuela||Developing
|-
| Vietnam||Developing
|-
| Yemen||Developing
|-
| Zambia||Developing
|-
| Zimbabwe||Developing
|-
| American Samoa||Developing
|-
| Anguilla||Developing
|-
| British Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Brunei||Developing
|-
| Cayman Islands||Developing
|-
| Christmas Island||Developing
|-
| Cocos Island||Developing
|-
| Cook Islands||Developing
|-
| Cuba||Developing
|-
| Eritrea||Developing
|-
| Falkland Islands||Developing
|-
| French Guiana||Developing
|-
| French Polynesia||Developing
|-
| Gaza Strip||Developing
|-
| Gabraltar||Developing
|-
| Greenland||Developing
|-
| Gaudeloupe||Developing
|-
| Gaum||Developing
|-
| Guernsey||Developing
|-
| Isle of Man||Developing
|-
| Jersey||Developing
|-
| North Korea||Developing
|-
| Macau||Developing
|-
| Martinique||Developing
|-
| Mayotte||Developing
|-
| Montserrat||Developing
|-
| Nauru||Developing
|-
| New Caledonia||Developing
|-
| Niue||Developing
|-
| Norfolk Island||Developing
|-
| Northern Mariana Islands||Developing
|-
| Palau||Developing
|-
| Pitcairn Islands||Developing
|-
| Puerto Rico||Developing
|-
| Reunion||Developing
|-
| Saint Helena||Developing
|-
| Ascension||Developing
|-
| Tristan de Cunha||Developing
|-
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon||Developing
|-
| Tokelau||Developing
|-
| Tonga||Developing
|-
| Turks and Caicos Islands||Developing
|-
| Tuvalu||Developing
|-
| Virgin Islands||Developing
|-
| Wallis and Futuna||Developing
|-
| West Bank||Developing
|-
| Western Sahara||Developing
|}

[[Category:Help]] [[Category:Projects]]

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T15:23:07Z

Kristin Feeney:

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T15:22:45Z

Kristin Feeney:

File:PrevalenceCalculation.JPG

2013-08-15T15:21:13Z

Kristin Feeney:

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T15:17:33Z

Kristin Feeney: /* Next steps */

Incidence and Prevalence Project

2013-08-15T15:16:20Z

Kristin Feeney:

Category:Projects

2013-08-14T16:16:30Z

Kristin Feeney: Created page with "{{CMG}}"

Project page template

2013-08-14T16:16:10Z

Kristin Feeney: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Project page template}} '''Editor-In-Chief:'''; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' ==Overview== The purpose of this section..."

__NOTOC__
{{Project page template}}
'''Editor-In-Chief:'''; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''; '''Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief:'''

==Overview==
The purpose of this section is to provide a brief explanation of what the overall vision of the project is. This is where you would quickly answer the: who? what? where? when? why? of the project. Please use the following "skeleton" to start your overview (feel free to modify and expand as applicable).

"The purpose of the (project name) project is to _______. This project is intended for (choose all that apply: college students, medical students, interns, residents, attending physicians, hospitalists, specialists, medical faculty, researchers, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and allied health professionals) to contribute expertise. This project will require you to gain a mastery of (insert relevant statement here). WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project."

==Goals of the (project name) project==
* Goal one
* Goal two
* Goal three

==Who can contribute to the (project name) project?==
A quick statement about the intended specialty this applies to. Please indicate if this is an Assistant, Associate or Editor-in-Chief level project.

Example: "This project is intended for editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level or higher. This may be the right project for you if you are a (choose all that apply: college student, medical student, intern, resident, attending physician, hospitalist, specialist, medical faculty, researcher, nurse, physician assistant, nurse practitioner, and allied health professional)."

==How to get started==
===Select a topic===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Topic Name
! Download Link
! File Page
! # of Results
|-

|[[Abadie's symptom]]||{{filepath|wikidocsearchresults_2.xls| Abadie's symptom search results}}||[[:image:wikidocsearchresults_2.xls | Abadie's symptom search results]]|| 5
|-
|[[Abnormal posturing]]||{{filepath|wikidocsearchresults_10.xls| Abnormal posturing search results}}||[[:image:wikidocsearchresults_10.xls | Abnormal posturing search results]]|| 21
|-
|[[Aboulia]]||{{filepath|wikidocsearchresults_11.xls| Aboulia search results}}||[[:image:wikidocsearchresults_11.xls | Aboulia search results]]|| 7
|-
|[[Absence seizure]]||{{filepath|wikidocsearchresults_12.xls| Absence seizure search results}}||[[:image:wikidocsearchresults_12.xls | Absence seizure search results]]|| 105
|-
|[[Acanthosis nigricans]]||{{filepath|wikidocsearchresults_13.xls| Acanthosis nigricans search results}}||[[:image:wikidocsearchresults_13.xls | Acanthosis nigricans search results]]|| 39
|-
|[[Acid indigestion]]||{{filepath|wikidocsearchresults_15.xls| Acid indigestion search results}}||[[:image:wikidocsearchresults_15.xls | Acid indigestion search results]]|| 58
|}
^ This code is intended to provide you a basic idea of how to start a sortable table. This could be modified to include Topic Name, Link to Topic Page, Priority #, Assigned To/Claimed By... we can discuss this a bit more for each project as needed.

Example: "The table above includes a list of topics for this project ranked by priority. To claim a topic, email WikiDoc [mailto:rim.halaby@wikidoc.org] the name of the project you are choosing. Active assignments can be viewed [[Main page|here]]."

Please update the link to the appropriate page (if applicable) or delete this line. Feel free to expand as needed.

===Next Steps===
This section is where you would include a numbered list of points on how to move through the process. In the case of DDx, you would need to include the option to "If you are using the macro spreadsheet..." or "If you are using the regular spreadsheet..." to allow people to bifurcate into the appropriate process. This is also where you would include examples.

==How to...==
Include any help instructions specific to the project here.

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Help]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Shoulder dislocation (patient information)

2013-08-13T12:10:40Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
;For WikiDoc page on this topic click [[Shoulder dislocation|here]].
{{Shoulder dislocation (patient information)}}
{{CMG}} '''Assistant Editor-In Chief:''' [[User:Dipen Kumar|Dipen Kumar]] [mailto:superkirby25@gmail.com]

==Overview==
A dislocated shoulder is an injury when your upper arm bone pops out of the socket attached to your shoulder blade. This is not to be confused with a separated shoulder where the ligaments are damaged in the area that connects your upper arm with your shoulder.

==What are the symptoms of Shoulder dislocation?==
Symptoms of a dislocated shoulder include:
* A deformed or out of place shoulder
* Inability to move the joint
* Intense pain at the shoulder
* Swelling or discoloration at the site
Other symptoms can include numbness, weakness and/or tingling at the joint. This can also be felt in the neck and the arm. Pain can be increased because of muscle spasms due to the displacement.

==What causes Shoulder dislocation?==

The shoulder is the easiest to dislocate because of its ability to move in many directions. It can be dislocated forward, backward, downward, completely or partially. The usual cause for dislocation is a strong force to the shoulder that pulls the bone out of the socket. Extreme rotation of the shoulder joint can pop the bone out of place. Other common reasons include:

* '''Falling''': Falling from a ladder or rung and trying to break your fall with your hand can cause dislocation.

* '''Sports injuries''': Contact sports, like football and hockey, are more likely to have shoulder dislocations, but sports that include falling, like gymnastics or volleyball, also have a chance for shoulder dislocation.

* '''Trauma''': A blow to the shoulder from getting hit or falling down from a motorcycle accident is a common source of shoulder dislocation.

==Who is at highest risk?==

* '''Males''': Men are at a higher risk than females.

* '''Previous shoulder dislocation''': If you have had a shoulder dislocation you are more likely to get another one.

* '''Teens or 20s''': People in this age group are usually more physically active, which can increase risk for injury.

==Diagnosis==
Other than a doctor examining your shoulder, there are tests that your doctor may want:
* '''X-ray''': This uses x-rays to examine your shoulder and look for dislocation, broken bones and damage to the shoulder joint.

* '''MRI''': MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and it uses a magnetic field to make images of your body. Doctors can look at the tissue around the joint to look for damage.

* '''EMG''': EMG stands for Electromyography. The test measures the electical discharges that your muscles give off. The data helps doctors evaluate the nerve damage from shoulder dislocations

==When to seek urgent medical care?==
If you have the symptoms and believe that you have a dislocated shoulder get medical attention as soon as possible.

==Treatment options==

Treatments include:
* '''Closed reduction''': Your doctor may try gentle pushes to move your bones back into place. You may have to take a muscle relaxant to help with the maneuvering of your bones. The pain should get better immediately.

* '''Surgery''': Surgery may be required if you have a weak shoulder joint or ligaments or if your nerves or blood vessels are damaged because of the dislocation.

* '''Immobilization''': Your doctor may put your shoulder in a sling or splint from a few days to three weeks. The time depends on the state of dislocation and how soon after the dislocation was the splint applied.

* '''Medication''': Your doctor may prescribe pain relievers or muscle relaxants when your shoulder is healing.

* '''Rehabilitation''': After the splint or sling is removed, a rehabilitation program will be used to restore motion and strength.

Lifestyle remedies can be used after treatment to help healing. Examples include:

* '''Resting your shoulder''': Avoiding painful movements and limiting the amount of heavy lifting or overhead activity helps it heal until your shoulder starts feeling better.

* '''Apply ice and heat''': Ice on the shoulder can reduce inflammation and pain for 15 to 20 minutes at a time for the first two days. Using heat packs two to three days later can relax sore muscles. This should also be applied to 15 to 20 minutes per time.

* '''Pain relievers''': Over-the-counter medications like Advil, Aleve, and Tylenol can help relieve pain. Make sure to read the labels on the drugs and stop taking it when the pain gets better.

After the injury heals continue to exercise your shoulder to restore strength and reduce the recurrence of dislocation. Talk to your doctor or physical therapist for help on an exercise routine.

==Where to find medical care for Shoulder dislocation?==
[http://maps.google.com/maps?q={{urlencode:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|map+top+hospital+Shoulder dislocation}}}}&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=wl Directions to Hospitals Treating Shoulder dislocation]

==Prevention==
Some tips to reduce the probability of getting a shoulder dislocation or a repeat dislocation:
* If you feel shoulder pain during physical activity, stop immediately and rest.

* If you have had a dislocation before, ice your shoulder after physical activity.

* Protective gear can help you protect yourself from falls.

* Stretching your shoulder before exercising.

==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?==
The prognosis depends on how bad your shoulder injury is, your age and your athletic activity. If you are a teenager and play contact sports your risk for a shoulder dislocation may increase to be as high as 90% for a second shoulder dislocation. If it keeps happening it can be unstable enough to warrant surgery. Surgery can restore stability and reduce risk to 5% or less. Adults in their 30s on the other hand, have a low risk of a second dislocation around 25% of the time and the risk is even less for older people.

==Possible complications==
Complications for a shoulder dislocation include:

* Muscles, ligaments and tendons around the shoulder joint can be torn.'''

* Nerves or blood vessel can be damaged.

* Re-injury if you had severe or repeated dislocations.

If any of these complications occur, surgery may be needed to repair the damage.

==Sources==
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dislocated-shoulder/DS00597

http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/dislocated-separated-shoulder

http://www.medicinenet.com/dislocated_shoulder/article.htm

http://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/health_a-z_detail.asp?AZ=424

{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Patient information]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Shoulder dislocation (patient information)

2013-08-13T12:10:31Z

Kristin Feeney:

Sandbox practice makes perfect

2013-08-07T14:11:05Z

Kristin Feeney:

Guide to creating board review questions

2013-08-06T16:24:20Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CP}}, {{AN}}, {{RT}}, [[User:Gonzalo Romero|Gonzalo A. Romero, M.D.]][mailto:gromero@wikidoc.org], {{Rim}}

==Overview==
There are various medical board examinations for which people use questions similar to those seen on the exam, to practice for the exam. In general, questions alone are not sufficient to study for an exam. There are a supplemental tool to test ones knowledge, and help to solidify learned material.

==Description==
The aim of the questions is to teach medical knowledge and test taking strategies. The cognitive tasks that the questions should target can be one or more of the following:
*Making a diagnosis
*Ordering diagnostic tests
*Ordering treatment
*Identifying risk
*Interpreting data
*Recommending patient management
*Identifying clinical features
*Recognizing pathology

==The WikiDoc Board Review==
The WikiDoc Board Review aims to help test takers towards their exam preparation. On this section the user can access several Board Review Questions at different levels. They include USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), USMLE Step 3, MCAT and BOARD Certification.

This guide is geared towards editors who want to create and add questions contributing to the WBR Questions.

==Adding a Question Step by Step==
# Go to the home page on WikiDoc, and click on the icon that says, "Board Review", or click [[Board Review|here]]
# Click on the icon that says "Click here to add questions"
# Type in your name in the Author Box
# Select the Exam Type
# Categories for the question will appear; check off ONE main category, and the appropriate subcategory.
# Introduce an Overall Explanation into the Box focusing on the correct answer choice
# Use the remaining boxes to type in the answers to the questions and each answer choice explanation.
# You can add an image, if possible.
:'''CONGRATULATIONS! You just created a Question!'''

==Design of the Questions==
===Stem of the Question===
*The questions are preferred to be narrated as a clinical vignette, which is not an actual case.
*The information and illustrations should be the testing point
*Below are some of the key points that can be found in a question. They should be orderly included as follows:
**Age, Gender (e.g., a 70 year-old man)
**Site of Care (e.g., comes to the emergency department)
**Duration (e.g. that has started one week ago)
**Significant patient history
**Significant family history
**Significant diagnostic studies or the results of diagnostic studies
***Try as much as possible to include images whether still or motion
**Initial treatment and response
* The questions should not include negative phrasing, such as “except” or “not”

===Answer Choices===
* Answers should include five choices, with one correct answer and the remaining answers are distractors.
* Answers should not be "true" or "false"
* All distractors should be homogeneous, as they should fall in the same category as the correct answer and should be similar in length.
* Long correct answers are discouraged
* Illogical answers, absolute terms, word repeats (for example: a word or phrase in the correct answer choice, is the same as in the stem) are discouraged.
* “None of the above”, “All of the above” or some combination of response must not be used.

===Answer Explanations===
* These questions are intended to teach using sources such as: graphics, references and guidelines if applicable.

====Overall Explanation====
* Only ONE answer is the best or the most appropriate one
* Justify why that choice is correct: explain the pertinent positive findings, not just list the tested subject. (i.e. the patient has this symptom which is a typical presentation of this disease). Explain also the pertinent negatives.

====Individual Answer Choice Explanation====
* Include why the correct answer is correct and why each of the distractors are incorrect.
* Include concise, yet thorough explanation providing a high yield information.
* Add additional information to the correct answer explanation, not explained on the overall explanation.

====Educational Objectives====
*Include short high yield facts (1 or 2 take-home sentences/phrases).

===References===
References should be included, if possible, linking to new articles, review articles or guidelines that serve the initial teaching goal of the questions.

==Resources==
===Internal resources===
*Use WikiDoc content
*Promote WikiDoc use inserting internal links into the explanations

===External resources===
Mention external sources used respecting Copy Rights.
*Books:
**First Aid latest edition for STEP 1, updated yearly by students who aced the exam
**First Aid for Step 2CK, updated biyearly
**Master The Boards for Step 2CK and Step3
**Med-Essentials For Step1
*Forums:
** [http://www.usmle-forums.com www.usmle-forums.com]
*Recent test takers give feedback about their experience and commonly tested facts (updated constantly).

==Tips to Build Questions==
# Read and understand the tested material to grasp basic principles, diagnostic approach, management and therapeutics according to the BOARD level.
# Get familiar with the format, content and high Yield material. Take many exams using Q-banks, the NBME website [[[http://www.nbme.org/]]],Qbanks and the actual exam, when ready. Respect Copy Rights sources from Qbanks.
# Pick a specific content
# Use WikiDoc to obtain information, pictures, videos, and links on the explanations.
# Challenge the test taker: do not give away the correct answer. Avoid using proper or specific signs. Describe signs and symptoms in lay terms to give the hints. Example: instead of “marfanoid appearance”, describe the patient with long extremities, skinny appearance and tall.
# Do not ask negatively i.e. "which of the following is incorrect, not correct or false?".
# Long stems help recreate the challenge on test date. Short and moderate stems test specific facts.

===Multi-step Questions===
Test the process, not the content including 2 ot 3 Step questions.
# Symptoms or clinical presentation
# Physical exam findings
# Laboratory findings
# Diagnosis
# Treatment of choice
# Mechanism of action
# Most common adverse effect

=====Example=====
Microbiology questions require the reader to make a diagnosis, identify the treatment of choice and to know the mechanism of action (3 steps).
An equally difficult but less elegant question could ask what HLA-subtype is associated with a rheumatological disease.

===Matching Sets===
The format remains the same as above, but it tests two or three different concepts on separate questions having the same clinical vignette.

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==USMLE Step 1 Question Format==
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* Test the basic principles using calculations, clinical scenarios, and multimedia.

===Case Scenarios===
* Age
* Gender
* Past history and medications if remarkable
* Chief complaints and assoicated symptoms
* Vital signs and pertinent physical findings
* Laboratory results
* Heart or lung auscultation audios
* Electrocardiography if relevant
* Pathologic or radiographic images

===Commonly Asked Questions===
* A deficiency of which of the following enzyme activities is the most likely cause of the findings in this patient?
* A mutation in which of the following genes is the most likely cause of the findings in this patient?
* A mutation is most likely to be found in which of the following genes?
* Inheritance of mutant alleles most likely caused impairment of which of the following enzyme activities in this patient?
* Pathologic examination is most likely to disclose an abnormality involving which of the following?
* Synthesis of which of the following substances is most likely to be inhibited as a result of this therapy?
* The causal organism is most likely transmitted by which of the following routes?
* The most appropriate next step in management is administration of which of the following?
* The most likely cause of these findings is a deficiency of which of the following nutrients?
* The morphologic changes most likely indicate which of the following processes?
* This patient most likely has which of the following conditions?
* This patient is at increased risk for developing which of the following as a result of this therapy?
* This patient is most likely receiving treatment with which of the following drugs?
* This patient is most likely to develop which of the following adverse effects?
* This patient is most likely to have a deficit of which of the following?
* This patient most likely had a recent history of which of the following?
* This patient should be monitored for which of the following adverse effects?
* To prevent further damage, which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation?
* Which of the following abnormalities is the most likely cause of these findings?
* Which of the following best explains these findings?
* Which of the following defense mechanisms best explains this patient’s behavior?
* Which of the following best explains this behavior?
* Which of the following findings is most likely?
* Which of the following graphs shown best corresponds to these results?
* Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?
* Which of the following is the most likely cause of death in this patient?
* Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?
* Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current condition?
* Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
* Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action causing these adverse effects?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for this patient?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the physician?
* Which of the following labeled areas is most likely damaged?
* Which of the following mechanisms best explains this cytogenetic abnormality?
* Which of the following pathologic findings is most likely seen in a biopsy specimen in this patient?
* Which of the following processes best describes these findings?
* Which of the following processes is most likely to occur in this patient as a result of the disease?
* Which of the following sets of changes most likely occurred following the infusion of drug X?
* Which of the following sets of laboratory findings is most likely in this patient?
* Which of the following sets of physiologic changes is most likely following administration of the drug?
* Which of the following treatments is most appropriate at this time?
</div></div>

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==USMLE Step 2CK Question Format==
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* Follow the most recent Algorithms/Guidelines from WikiDoc
* Useful resources are the books: Master the Boards and First Aid for Step 2 CK
* Include basic STEP 1 questions; 50-60% of the knowledge from Step 2CK comes from Step 1
* Include labs
* Make long stems
* Accommodate information within the vignette that will benefit the test taker to identify the proper answer choice
* Include extra information that is not necessary leading towards the correct answer (distractors)
* Audio and video questions would be ideal also

===Case Scenarios===
* Age of patient
* Sex
* Past history if remarkable
* Chief complaint
* Vitals
* Describe the chief complaint
* Physical examination findings
* Laboratory findings
* Image or video (if applicable)

===Commonly Asked Questions===
* What is the most likely diagnosis?
* What is the most likely cause for this condition?
* What is the next best step in management?
* What is the best initial treatment?
* What is the best treatment for this condition?
* What is the best/ most accurate laboratory test to confirm diagnosis?
* What is the drug of choice to treat this condition?
* What is the most likely physical exam finding? (eg. On auscultation, abdominal examination, etc.)
* Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism?
* What is the most common risk factor for this condition?
* What is the most common complication of this condition?
* What is the best drug/ drug of choice used to treat this condition?
</div></div>

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==USMLE Step 3 Question Format==
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Testing mainly on management of case, covering the following fields:

===Application of Concepts===
* What is the most likely cause for this condition?
* What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
* What is the cause of (sign/ physical exam finding)?
* Questions related to research studies

===History and Physical Examination===
* What is the most likely physical exam finding?
* What facts from the past history are important for diagnosis?
* What is the most common risk factor for this condition?

===Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies===
* What is the most appropriate/accurate laboratory test to evaluate this patient?
* What is the most appropriate laboratory test to evaluate the efficacy of current treatment?
* What is the best initial laboratory test to order?
* What is the most likely result of this laboratory test seen in this condition?
* What is the most likely laboratory finding seen in this condition?

===Diagnosis===
* What is the most likely diagnosis?
* Which condition is most commonly associated with ____?

===Prognosis===
* Which of the following factors influences prognosis (good or bad)?
* Which of the following is the best/ worst prognostic indicator?
* Which of the following laboratory finding indicates best/ worst prognosis?
* After follow-up, which of the following is the most common factor that indicates favorable prognosis?
* What is the most appropriate counseling advice?
* What is the most common complication of this condition?
* What is the most likely outcome of this condition?

===Management===
* What is the next best step in management of this patient?
* What is the most appropriate screening test?
* What is the most appropriate preventive measure for this condition?
* What is the best initial treatment?
* What is the most accurate treatment?What is the best drug/ drug of choice used to treat this condition?
* What is the most appropriate discharge plan?
* Which drug is contraindicated in the treatment of this condition?
* Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of this drug?
* What is the most likely adverse effect of this drug?
</div></div>

===Ethics and Principles===
Please help Wiki Doc adding content here

==Other Wiki Links==
* [[MCAT]]
* [[USMLE Step 1]]
* [[USMLE Step 2-CK]]
* [[USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills]]
* [[USMLE Step 3]]
* [[COMLEX-USA]]

==Other External Links==
* http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013content_step1.pdf
* http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-2-ck/2012--13_FINAL_S2_GSI.pdf
* http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-3/2013content_step3.pdf
* http://www.nbme.org/
* http://www.nbome.org/
* http://www.ecfmg.org/
* http://www.osteopathic.org/Pages/default.aspx

[[Category:Help]]
[[Category:WBRQuestion]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Guide to creating board review questions

2013-08-06T13:36:07Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CP}}, {{AN}}, {{RT}}, [[User:Gonzalo Romero|Gonzalo A. Romero, M.D.]][mailto:gromero@wikidoc.org], {{Rim}}

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==Overview==
There are various medical board examinations for which people use questions similar to those seen on the exam, to practice for the exam. In general, questions alone are not sufficient to study for an exam. There are a supplemental tool to test ones knowledge, and help to solidify learned material.

==Description==
The aim of the questions is to teach medical knowledge and test taking strategies. The cognitive tasks that the questions should target can be one or more of the following:
*Making a diagnosis
*Ordering diagnostic tests
*Ordering treatment
*Identifying risk
*Interpreting data
*Recommending patient management
*Identifying clinical features
*Recognizing pathology

==The WikiDoc Board Review==
The WikiDoc Board Review aims to help test takers towards their exam preparation. On this section the user can access several Board Review Questions at different levels. They include USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), USMLE Step 3, MCAT and BOARD Certification.

This guide is geared towards editors who want to create and add questions contributing to the WBR Questions.

==Adding a Question Step by Step==
# Go to the home page on WikiDoc, and click on the icon that says, "Board Review", or click [[Board Review|here]]
# Click on the icon that says "Click here to add questions"
# Type in your name in the Author Box
# Select the Exam Type
# Categories for the question will appear; check off ONE main category, and the appropriate subcategory.
# Introduce an Overall Explanation into the Box focusing on the correct answer choice
# Use the remaining boxes to type in the answers to the questions and each answer choice explanation.
# You can add an image, if possible.
:'''CONGRATULATIONS! You just created a Question!'''

==Design of the Questions==
===Stem of the Question===
*The questions are preferred to be narrated as a clinical vignette, which is not an actual case.
*The information and illustrations should be the testing point
*Below are some of the key points that can be found in a question. They should be orderly included as follows:
**Age, Gender (e.g., a 70 year-old man)
**Site of Care (e.g., comes to the emergency department)
**Duration (e.g. that has started one week ago)
**Significant patient history
**Significant family history
**Significant diagnostic studies or the results of diagnostic studies
***Try as much as possible to include images whether still or motion
**Initial treatment and response
* The questions should not include negative phrasing, such as “except” or “not”

===Answer Choices===
* Answers should include five choices, with one correct answer and the remaining answers are distractors.
* Answers should not be "true" or "false"
* All distractors should be homogeneous, as they should fall in the same category as the correct answer and should be similar in length.
* Long correct answers are discouraged
* Illogical answers, absolute terms, word repeats (for example: a word or phrase in the correct answer choice, is the same as in the stem) are discouraged.
* “None of the above”, “All of the above” or some combination of response must not be used.

===Answer Explanations===
* These questions are intended to teach using sources such as: graphics, references and guidelines if applicable.

====Overall Explanation====
* Only ONE answer is the best or the most appropriate one
* Justify why that choice is correct: explain the pertinent positive findings, not just list the tested subject. (i.e. the patient has this symptom which is a typical presentation of this disease). Explain also the pertinent negatives.

====Individual Answer Choice Explanation====
* Include why the correct answer is correct and why each of the distractors are incorrect.
* Include concise, yet thorough explanation providing a high yield information.
* Add additional information to the correct answer explanation, not explained on the overall explanation.

====Educational Objectives====
*Include short high yield facts (1 or 2 take-home sentences/phrases).

===References===
References should be included, if possible, linking to new articles, review articles or guidelines that serve the initial teaching goal of the questions.

==Resources==
===Internal resources===
*Use WikiDoc content
*Promote WikiDoc use inserting internal links into the explanations

===External resources===
Mention external sources used respecting Copy Rights.
*Books:
**First Aid latest edition for STEP 1, updated yearly by students who aced the exam
**First Aid for Step 2CK, updated biyearly
**Master The Boards for Step 2CK and Step3
**Med-Essentials For Step1
*Forums:
** [http://www.usmle-forums.com www.usmle-forums.com]
*Recent test takers give feedback about their experience and commonly tested facts (updated constantly).

==Tips to Build Questions==
# Read and understand the tested material to grasp basic principles, diagnostic approach, management and therapeutics according to the BOARD level.
# Get familiar with the format, content and high Yield material. Take many exams using Q-banks, the NBME website [[[http://www.nbme.org/]]],Qbanks and the actual exam, when ready. Respect Copy Rights sources from Qbanks.
# Pick a specific content
# Use WikiDoc to obtain information, pictures, videos, and links on the explanations.
# Challenge the test taker: do not give away the correct answer. Avoid using proper or specific signs. Describe signs and symptoms in lay terms to give the hints. Example: instead of “marfanoid appearance”, describe the patient with long extremities, skinny appearance and tall.
# Do not ask negatively i.e. "which of the following is incorrect, not correct or false?".
# Long stems help recreate the challenge on test date. Short and moderate stems test specific facts.

===Multi-step Questions===
Test the process, not the content including 2 ot 3 Step questions.
# Symptoms or clinical presentation
# Physical exam findings
# Laboratory findings
# Diagnosis
# Treatment of choice
# Mechanism of action
# Most common adverse effect

=====Example=====
Microbiology questions require the reader to make a diagnosis, identify the treatment of choice and to know the mechanism of action (3 steps).
An equally difficult but less elegant question could ask what HLA-subtype is associated with a rheumatological disease.

===Matching Sets===
The format remains the same as above, but it tests two or three different concepts on separate questions having the same clinical vignette.

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
==USMLE Step 1 Question Format==
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
* Test the basic principles using calculations, clinical scenarios, and multimedia.

===Case Scenarios===
* Age
* Gender
* Past history and medications if remarkable
* Chief complaints and assoicated symptoms
* Vital signs and pertinent physical findings
* Laboratory results
* Heart or lung auscultation audios
* Electrocardiography if relevant
* Pathologic or radiographic images

===Commonly Asked Questions===
* A deficiency of which of the following enzyme activities is the most likely cause of the findings in this patient?
* A mutation in which of the following genes is the most likely cause of the findings in this patient?
* A mutation is most likely to be found in which of the following genes?
* Inheritance of mutant alleles most likely caused impairment of which of the following enzyme activities in this patient?
* Pathologic examination is most likely to disclose an abnormality involving which of the following?
* Synthesis of which of the following substances is most likely to be inhibited as a result of this therapy?
* The causal organism is most likely transmitted by which of the following routes?
* The most appropriate next step in management is administration of which of the following?
* The most likely cause of these findings is a deficiency of which of the following nutrients?
* The morphologic changes most likely indicate which of the following processes?
* This patient most likely has which of the following conditions?
* This patient is at increased risk for developing which of the following as a result of this therapy?
* This patient is most likely receiving treatment with which of the following drugs?
* This patient is most likely to develop which of the following adverse effects?
* This patient is most likely to have a deficit of which of the following?
* This patient most likely had a recent history of which of the following?
* This patient should be monitored for which of the following adverse effects?
* To prevent further damage, which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation?
* Which of the following abnormalities is the most likely cause of these findings?
* Which of the following best explains these findings?
* Which of the following defense mechanisms best explains this patient’s behavior?
* Which of the following best explains this behavior?
* Which of the following findings is most likely?
* Which of the following graphs shown best corresponds to these results?
* Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?
* Which of the following is the most likely cause of death in this patient?
* Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?
* Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current condition?
* Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
* Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action causing these adverse effects?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for this patient?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?
* Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the physician?
* Which of the following labeled areas is most likely damaged?
* Which of the following mechanisms best explains this cytogenetic abnormality?
* Which of the following pathologic findings is most likely seen in a biopsy specimen in this patient?
* Which of the following processes best describes these findings?
* Which of the following processes is most likely to occur in this patient as a result of the disease?
* Which of the following sets of changes most likely occurred following the infusion of drug X?
* Which of the following sets of laboratory findings is most likely in this patient?
* Which of the following sets of physiologic changes is most likely following administration of the drug?
* Which of the following treatments is most appropriate at this time?
</div></div>

==USMLE Step 2CK Question Format==
* Follow the most recent Algorithms/Guidelines from WikiDoc
* Useful resources are the books: Master the Boards and First Aid for Step 2 CK
* Include basic STEP 1 questions; 50-60% of the knowledge from Step 2CK comes from Step 1
* Include labs
* Make long stems
* Accommodate information within the vignette that will benefit the test taker to identify the proper answer choice
* Include extra information that is not necessary leading towards the correct answer (distractors)
* Audio and video questions would be ideal also

===Case Scenarios===
* Age of patient
* Sex
* Past history if remarkable
* Chief complaint
* Vitals
* Describe the chief complaint
* Physical examination findings
* Laboratory findings
* Image or video (if applicable)

===Commonly Asked Questions===
* What is the most likely diagnosis?
* What is the most likely cause for this condition?
* What is the next best step in management?
* What is the best initial treatment?
* What is the best treatment for this condition?
* What is the best/ most accurate laboratory test to confirm diagnosis?
* What is the drug of choice to treat this condition?
* What is the most likely physical exam finding? (eg. On auscultation, abdominal examination, etc.)
* Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism?
* What is the most common risk factor for this condition?
* What is the most common complication of this condition?
* What is the best drug/ drug of choice used to treat this condition?

==USMLE Step 3 Question Format==
Testing mainly on management of case, covering the following fields:

===Application of Concepts===
* What is the most likely cause for this condition?
* What is the most likely underlying mechanism?
* What is the cause of (sign/ physical exam finding)?
* Questions related to research studies

===History and Physical Examination===
* What is the most likely physical exam finding?
* What facts from the past history are important for diagnosis?
* What is the most common risk factor for this condition?

===Laboratory and Diagnostic Studies===
* What is the most appropriate/accurate laboratory test to evaluate this patient?
* What is the most appropriate laboratory test to evaluate the efficacy of current treatment?
* What is the best initial laboratory test to order?
* What is the most likely result of this laboratory test seen in this condition?
* What is the most likely laboratory finding seen in this condition?

===Diagnosis===
* What is the most likely diagnosis?
* Which condition is most commonly associated with ____?

===Prognosis===
* Which of the following factors influences prognosis (good or bad)?
* Which of the following is the best/ worst prognostic indicator?
* Which of the following laboratory finding indicates best/ worst prognosis?
* After follow-up, which of the following is the most common factor that indicates favorable prognosis?
* What is the most appropriate counseling advice?
* What is the most common complication of this condition?
* What is the most likely outcome of this condition?

===Management===
* What is the next best step in management of this patient?
* What is the most appropriate screening test?
* What is the most appropriate preventive measure for this condition?
* What is the best initial treatment?
* What is the most accurate treatment?What is the best drug/ drug of choice used to treat this condition?
* What is the most appropriate discharge plan?
* Which drug is contraindicated in the treatment of this condition?
* Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of this drug?
* What is the most likely adverse effect of this drug?

===Ethics and Principles===
Please help Wiki Doc adding content here

==Other Wiki Links==
* [[MCAT]]
* [[USMLE Step 1]]
* [[USMLE Step 2-CK]]
* [[USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills]]
* [[USMLE Step 3]]
* [[COMLEX-USA]]

==Other External Links==
* http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-1/2013content_step1.pdf
* http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-2-ck/2012--13_FINAL_S2_GSI.pdf
* http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/step-3/2013content_step3.pdf
* http://www.nbme.org/
* http://www.nbome.org/
* http://www.ecfmg.org/
* http://www.osteopathic.org/Pages/default.aspx

[[Category:Help]]
[[Category:WBRQuestion]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Medical cannabis

2013-07-26T12:04:58Z

Kristin Feeney: Changed protection level for "Medical cannabis" ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 12:04, 26 August 2013 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 12:04, 26 August 2013 (UTC)))

[[Image:Cannabis sativa extract.png|frame|right|A catalog page offering ''Cannabis sativa'' extract.]]

'''Medical cannabis''' refers to the use of the drug [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] as a physician-recommended herbal therapy, most notably as an [[antiemetic]]. The term '''''medical marijuana''''' post-dates the U.S. [[1937 Marijuana Tax Act|Marijuana Tax Act]] of 1937, the effect of which made cannabis prescriptions illegal in the United States.

Due to widespread illegal use of cannabis as a [[Recreational drug use|recreational drug]] and several other reasons, its legal or licensed use in medicine is a controversial issue.

There are many studies regarding the use of cannabis in a medicinal context.<ref>http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/pop/studychart.htm </ref><ref>http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3376 </ref><ref>http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.1086505/k.AF5A/About.htm </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/56753/ |title=AlterNet: DrugReporter: New Studies Expose Government Lies About Medical Pot |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=}} </ref> Cannabis was listed in the United States Pharmacopeia from 1850 until 1942.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The United States federal government does not currently recognize any legitimate medical use, although there are currently five patients receiving cannabis for their various illnesses through the Compassionate Investigational New Drug program that was closed to new patients by President [[George H. W. Bush]]. Francis L. Young, an administrative law judge with the [[United States|US]] [[Drug Enforcement Agency]], in 1988, declared that "''in its natural form, (cannabis) is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known.''"<ref>http://www.druglibrary.org/olsen/MEDICAL/YOUNG/young.html</ref> However, smoked cannabis is today not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, [[FDA]] <ref name ="FDAm">[http://www.fda.gov/ola/2004/marijuana0401.html</ref> or comparable public authorities in any Western European country as a licensed medicine for any disease; a common view is that if there is any future of marijuana as a medicine, it lies in its isolated components, the cannabinoids and their synthetic derivatives.

== History ==
[[Image:Marijuana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cannabis]] plant]]Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for over 4,800 years.<ref>http://www.zauberpilz.com/golden/g31-40.htm</ref> Surviving texts from [[Ancient India]] confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia, headaches and as a pain reliever, frequently used in childbirth.

Cannabis as a medicine was common throughout most of the world in the 1800s. It was used as the primary pain reliever until the invention of [[aspirin]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/1632726.stm</ref> Modern medical and scientific inquiry began with doctors like [[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy|O'Shaughnessy]] and [[Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours|Moreau de Tours]], who used it to treat [[melancholia]], [[migraine]]s, and as a sleeping aid, [[analgesic]] and [[anticonvulsant]].

By the time the [[United States]] banned cannabis (the third country to do so) with the [[1937 Marijuana Tax Act]], the plant was no longer extremely popular. Skepticism about marijuana arose in response to the bill. One of the main opponents to the bill was the representative of the [[American Medical Association]].<ref>http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/AMA_opposes_1937.html</ref>

Later in the century, researchers investigating methods of detecting cannabis intoxication discovered that smoking the drug reduced intraocular pressure.<ref>http://www.zauberpilz.com/golden/g31-40.htm</ref> High intraocular pressure causes blindness in [[glaucoma]] patients, so many believed that using the drug could prevent blindness in patients. Many [[Vietnam War]] veterans also believed that the drug prevented muscle spasms caused by battle-induced spinal injuries. Later medical use has focused primarily on its role in preventing the wasting syndromes and chronic loss of appetite associated with [[chemotherapy]] and [[AIDS]], along with a variety of rare muscular and skeletal disorders. Less commonly, cannabis has been used in the treatment of [[alcoholism]] and [[addiction]] to other [[drug abuse|drugs]] such as [[heroin]] and the prevention of [[migraine]]s. In recent years, studies have shown or researchers have speculated that the main chemical in the drug, THC, might help prevent [[atherosclerosis]].

In 1972 [[Tod H. Mikuriya, M.D.]] reignited the debate concerning marijuana as medicine when he published "Marijuana Medical Papers 1839-1972".

Later, in the 1970s, a [[synthetic]] version of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], the primary active ingredient in cannabis, was synthesized to make the drug [[Marinol]]. Users reported several problems with Marinol, however, that led many to abandon the pill and resume smoking the plant. Patients complained that the violent nausea associated with chemotherapy made swallowing pills difficult. The effects of smoked cannabis are felt almost immediately, and is therefore easily dosed.<ref>http://www.lycos.com/info/cannabis--effects.html</ref> Marinol (Dronabinol), like ingested cannabis, is very psychoactive, and is harder to titrate than smoked cannabis.<ref>http://www.ardpark.org/reference/synmjcompare.htm</ref> Marinol has also consistently been more expensive than herbal cannabis.<ref>http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/pop/cost.htm</ref> Some studies have indicated that other chemicals in the plant may have a synergistic effect with THC.<ref>http://www.cannabis-med.org/membersonly/mo.php?aid=2001-03-04&fid=2001-03-04-7&mode=a&sid=</ref>

In addition, during the 1970s and 1980s, six US states' health departments performed studies on the use of medical marijuana. These are widely considered some of the most useful and pioneering studies on the subject.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

In May 2001, "The Chronic Cannabis Use in the Compassionate Investigational New Drug Program: An Examination of Benefits and Adverse Effects of Legal Clinical Cannabis" (Russo, Mathre, Byrne et al) was completed. This three-day examination of major body functions of four of the five living US federal cannabis patients found "mild pulmonary changes" in two patients.<ref>http://www.medicalcannabis.com/PDF/Chronic_Cannabis.pdf</ref>

== Early studies on efficacy ==
=== New Mexico ===

Approved by the [[United States Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration]], the study included 250 patients and compared smoked cannabis to oral THC. All participants were referred by a medical doctor and had failed to control vomiting using at least three alternative antiemetics. Patients chose smoking cannabis or taking the THC pill. Multiple objective and subjective standards were used to determine the effectiveness.

* Conclusion: cannabis is far superior to the best available drug at the time of testing, [[Compazine]], and smoked cannabis is clearly superior to oral THC. "More than ninety percent of the patients who received cannabis ... reported significant or total relief from nausea and vomiting." No major side effects were reported, though three patients reported adverse reactions that did not involve cannabis alone. The report can be read [http://www.medmjscience.org/Pages/science/pierson.bhtml here].

=== Tennessee ===
27 patients had failed on other [[antiemetics]] therapies, including oral THC.

* Conclusion: 90.4% success for smoked cannabis; 66.7% for oral THC. "We found both marijuana smoking and THC capsules to be effective antiemetics. We found an approximate 23% higher success rate among those patients administered smoked marijuana. We found no significant differences in success rates by age group. The major reason for THC capsule failure was nausea and vomiting so severe that the patient could not retain the capsule."

=== California ===
A series of studies throughout the 1980s involved 90–100 patients a year. The study was designed to make it easier for patients to enter the oral THC part of the study. Patients who wanted to smoke cannabis had to be over 15 years old (oral THC patients had to be over 5) and use the drug only in the hospital and not at home. Smoked cannabis patients also had to be receiving rare and painful forms of chemotherapy to qualify.

* Conclusion: Despite the bias towards oral THC, the California study concluded that smoked cannabis was more effective and established a safe dosage regimen that minimized adverse side effects. The full text of the study can be seen [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/ctptoc.htm here].
[[Image:Vaporong 001.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A Vapor-Bong for use with medicinal herbs prescribed by a physician.]]

=== Georgia ===
119 patients that had failed using other antiemetics were randomly assigned to oral THC pills and either standardized or patient-controlled smoking of cannabis.

* Conclusion: All three categories were successful — patient controlled smokers at 72.2%; standardized smokers at 65.4%; oral THC at 76%. Failure of oral THC patients was due to adverse reaction (6 out of 18) or failure to improve (9 out of 18); failure of smoking cannabis was due to intolerance for smoking (6 out of 14) or failure to improve (3 out of 14).

==Harm reduction==
Many medical cannabis opponents note that smoked cannabis is harmful to the respiratory system. However, this harm can be minimalized or eliminated by the use of a [[vaporizer]] or [[ingesting]] the drug in an [[edible]] form or other non-smoking modes of delivery like [[tinctures]]. Vaporizers are devices that vaporize the active constituents ([[cannabinoids]]) and the [[incense|fragrant]] [[aromatic]] substances in the preparation without combusting the plant material and thus preventing the formation of toxic substances. Studies have shown that vaporizers can dramatically reduce<ref name="Gieringer 2004">''Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds'' By D. Gieringer et.al. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, Vol. 4(1) 2004, [http://www.maps.org/mmj/Gieringer-vaporizer.pdf] </ref> or even eliminate<ref name="Hazekamp 2006">''Evaluation of a Vaporizing Device (Volcano) for the Pulmonary Administration of Tetrahydrocannabinol''. By A. HAZEKAMP, R. RUHAAK, et.al. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VOL. 95, NO. 6, JUNE 2006 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16637053&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum abstract]</ref> the release of irritants and toxic compounds.

== Indications ==
According to a survey on the recommendation of cannabis in California<ref>Dale Gieringer, "Medical Use of Cannabis in California," in Franjo Grotenhermen, M.D. & Ethan Russo, M.D., ed., Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential, Haworth Press, 2002
[http://www.canorml.org/prop/MMJIndications.htm]</ref>, cannabis is indicated for over 250 conditions. Cannabis is most importantly indicated as an [[antiemetic]] for the treatment of [[nausea]] and [[anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]] associated with treatments for [[cancer]], [[AIDS]], and [[hepatitis]].
Cannabis also acts as an antispasmodic and anticonvulsant and is indicated for neurological conditions such as [[epilepsy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], and [[spasms]]. As an analgesic and an immunomodulator it is indicated for conditions such as [[migraine]], [[arthritis]], spinal and [[skeletal disorders]]. As a [[bronchodilator]] it is beneficial for [[asthma]]. It also reduces the [[intraocular pressure]] and is indicated for [[glaucoma]]. Cannabis is also used to treat some [[mood disorders]] such as [[post traumatic stress disorder]], [[clinical depression]], [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[panic disorder]], and [[bipolar disorder]]. It is also indicated for [[premenstrual syndrome]], [[hypertension]], and [[insomnia]].

In the United States, the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] makes the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) the sole government entity responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of new prescription and over-the-counter drugs, overseeing the labeling and marketing of drugs, and regulating the manufacturing and packaging of drugs.<ref> [http://www.fda.gov/cder/regulatory/applications/default.htm]</ref> The FDA defines a drug as safe and effective for a specific indication if the clinical benefits to the patient are felt to outweigh any health risks the drug might pose. [[FDA]] and comparable authorities in Western Europe in including the [[Netherlands]], have not approved smoked marijuana for any condition or disease. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/ola/2004/marijuana0401.html|title=Testimony before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources, Committee on Government Reform|author=Meyer, Robert J.|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01362.html]</ref> Cannabis remains illegal throughout the United States and is not approved for prescription as medicine, although 12 states - Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington - approve and regulate its medical use. (The federal government continues to enforce its prohibition in these states.) However, there are also 2 states, Arizona and Maryland, whose drug laws are favourable towards the medicinal use of marijuana,{{huh}} but which still explicitly ban it.

== Notable pro- and anti-medical cannabis individuals ==
=== Proponents ===
* Mary Lynn Mathre, RN, MSN, CARN. President, Patients Out of Time; Cannabis spokesperson for the Virginia Nurses Association. Editor, "Cannabis in Medical Practice: A Legal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana."
[[Image:Willie Nelson.jpg|thumb|right|Willie Nelson performing at the Chumash Casino Resort in Santa Ynez, California.]]
* [[Carl Sagan]] - American astronomer and astrochemist, co-author of [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage]] and author of ''Contact''. In 1969 he wrote an essay titled [http://www.marijuana-uses.com/essays/002.html Mr. X] about cannabis in which he said, ''"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insight, sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world."''
* [[Ann Druyan]] - wife of Carl Sagan, one of the writers of [[Cosmos: A Personal Voyage]], producer of ''Contact''. She serves on the [http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=4493 NORML] board of directors and is president of the NORML Foundation board of directors.
* [[Willie Nelson]] - Singer and songwriter.
* [[William F. Buckley]] - conservative [[Republican]] talking head, publisher of the [[National Review]]. Author of [http://www.nationalreview.com/buckley/buckley200406291207.asp Free Weeds] 29 Jun 2004, and [http://www.nationalreview.com/buckley/wfb200506071421.asp The Court on High] 7 Jun 2005.
* [[Dennis Peron]] - co-author of 215, along with Anna Boyce and Scott Imler. Founder of the [http://216.167.102.132/images/churchclub.jpg first Cannabis Club], and in 1995 the 5-story [http://216.167.102.132/clubshots.html Cannabis Buyers Club] at 1444 Market Street (the main street of town) San Francisco.
* [[Valerie Corral]] and [http://www.wamm.org WAMM]
* [[Scott Imler]] - along with Dennis, there at the beginning and founder of the West Hollywood Club, which he ran successfully for five years.
* [[Lanny Swerdlow]] - founder of the [http://www.marijuananews.org Marijuana Anti-Prohibition Project] in Palm Springs
* [http://gatewood.com/ Gatewood Galbraith] - Kentucky attorney; life-long crusader for liberty and human dignity; one of America's leading hemp advocates.
* [[Angel Raich]] - U.S. activist, respondent in ''[[Gonzales v. Raich]]''.
* [http://budfairy.com/index.php?action=read&offset=150 Sister Jane Weirick] - among other things [http://cannabisculture.com/articles/1889.html Sister Jane] was a buyer for Dennis at the San Francisco Cannabis Buyers Club. She worked tirelessly until [http://www.counterpunch.org/gardner10292005.html her death], opening the [http://www.haywardprc.com/ Hayward Patient's Resource Center].
* [[Ed Rosenthal]] - A horitcultarist that fights for the right to grow marijuana for medicinal purposes.
* [http://www.letfreedomgrow.com/bio/dr_jay_bio.htm Dr. Jay Cavanaugh] - founder of the [http://www.letfreedomgrow.com American Alliance for Medical Cannabis]. Gubernatorial Appointment to California State Board of Pharmacy 1980-82, reappointed 1982-86, reappointed to final Constitutional term 1986-90. Assisted in developing and coordinating drug enforcement against pharmacies, wholesalers, and manufacturers, diverting narcotics. Developed and implemented Recovering Pharmacist Program. Assisted in insuring pharmacist consultation with patients.
* [[Dr. Lester Grinspoon]] - Author of [http://www.rxmarihuana.com/index2.htm Marijuana the Forbidden Medicine]
* [[Dr. Tod Mikuriya]] - Author of The Medical Marijuana Papers, advisor for the Cannabis Buyers Club in San Francisco (and most of the other clubs in the first years) and author of [http://www.mikuriya.com www.mikuriya.com]
* [http://www.osher.ucsf.edu/About/bios/abrams.aspx Dr. Donald Abrams] - Donald Abrams, MD, is Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of California San Francisco, Chief of Hematology/Oncology at San Francisco General Hospital and Director of Clinical Programs at the Osher Center.
* [[Fred Gardner]] - "the chronicler of the movement", published in CounterPunch and other prominent publications and author of [http://www.counterpunch.org/gardner10292005.html O'Shaunessey's], the Journal of the California Cannabis Research Medical Group.
* [[Steve Kubby]] - Key Organizer of California's [[Proposition 215]] [http://www.mapinc.org/images/DennisPeronLetter.gif], Founder and National Director [[American Medical Marijuana Association]].
* [[Peter McWilliams]] - Author who used cannabis to relieve pain.
* [[Rick Steves]] - PBS Travel Show Host and on NORML's advisory board.
* [[Rob Kampia]] - Founder of [[Marijuana Policy Project]].
* [[Dana Rohrabacher]] - [[United States]] Congressman who proposed a bill to stop [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] from arresting medical cannabis patients.
* [https://medicalmarijuanaofamerica.com/content/category/1/1/60/ Vanessa Nelson] - Journalist specializing in covering medical marijuana cases.
* Al Byrne, Co-founder and COO, Patients Out of Time. Co editor, Marijuana as Medicine." (video)
* [[Bill Maher]] - Comedian and host of ''[[Real Time with Bill Maher]]'' on HBO.
* [[Ethan Nadelmann]] - President of [[Drug Policy Alliance]].
* [[Bill Mescher]] - A [[South Carolina]] state senator who proposed legalization of medical cannabis.
* [[Keith Stroup]] - Founder of [[NORML]].
*[[Penn Jillette]] - Of Penn and Teller. Strong advocate. Has never taken recreational drugs.
*[[Woody Harrelson]] - American actor.
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]] - American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist.
* Tonya Davis - medical cannabis activist and patient. State Director for Ohio AAMC and medical cannabis director for North Ohio Norml. Writer of the Ohio Compassionate Act
* [[Montel Williams]] Television Talk Show Host. Specifically stated as suffering from MS, and medical marijuana being the one thing found to provide relief after trying several prescribed painkillers. Affirmed and advocacy information avaiable from his taking action web page at http://www.montelms.org/TakingAction
* [[Loretta Nall]] - Founder of the [[United States Marijuana party]]
* [[Marc Emery]] - ''[[Cannabis Culture Magazine]]'', former seed merchant facing extradition to the US.

=== Emerging Medical Consensus ===
Dozens of medical organizations have endorsed allowing patients access to medical marijuana with their physicians' approval. These include, but are not limited to, the following:
* [[Leukemia & Lymphoma Society]] - America's second largest [[cancer]] charity.<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* [[American Academy of Family Physicians]]<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* [[American Public Health Association]]<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* [[American Nurses Association]]<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* [[British Medical Association]]<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* AIDS Action<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* American Academy of HIV Medicine<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* Lymphoma Foundation of America<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>
* Health Canada<ref>[http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.2776465/k.C758/Medical_Marijuana_Endorsements_and_Statements_of_Support.htm]
</ref>

=== Opponents ===

* [[Hamid Ghodse]] - [[International Narcotics Control Board]] president.
* [[John P. Walters]] - Current Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy of United States.
* [[Mark Souder]] - U.S. Congressman who filed an [[amicus brief]] in support of the U.S. government in ''[[Gonzales v. Raich]]''. The federal government may ban the use of marijuana even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes.
*[[Andrea Barthwell]] - Former deputy director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy under [[George W. Bush]].
*[[Paul Clement]] - Current [[Solicitor General]] who argued on behalf of the federal government in ''Gonzales v. Raich''.
*[[Dan Lungren]] - Former Attorney General of California who presided over crackdown of medical marijuana dispensaries.
*[[Mitt Romney]] Republican candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]].
*[[George W. Bush]] - President of the United States, 2000-2008.
<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/politics/2007/10/07/romney.confronted.cnn
| title=Romney Confronted
| publisher=CNN
| work=CNN Video - Breaking News
| date=2007-10-08
| accessdate=2007-10-08
| format=html
}}</ref>

==Pharmacologic THC and THC derivatives==
In the USA, the FDA has approved two cannabinoids for use as medical therapies: [[dronabinol]] and [[nabilone]]. It is important to note that these medicines are not smoked. [[Dronabinol]] is a synthetic THC medication<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00457.html| FDA Press Release]</ref>, while [[nabilone]] is a synthetic cannabinoid, never marketed in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.fda.gov/ola/2004/marijuana0401.html| Congressional Testimony of Robert J. Meyer, M.D., April 1, 2004]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Medication
! Year approved
! Licensed indications
|-
| Nabilone
| 1985
| Nausea of cancer chemotherapy that has failed to respond adequately to other antiemetics
|-
| Marinol
| 1992
| Nausea of cancer chemotherapy that has failed to respond adequately to other antiemetics, [[AIDS]] wasting
|}

These medications are usually used when first line treatments for nausea fail to work. In extremely high doses and in rare cases there is a possibility of "[[psychotomimetic]]" side effects. The other commonly-used antiemetic drugs are not associated with these side effects.

The prescription drug [[Sativex]], an extract of cannabis administered as a sublingual spray, has been approved in [[Canada]] for the treatment of [[multiple sclerosis]];<ref name="SativexC">Koch, W. 23 Jun 2005. [http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-06-23-pot-spray_x.htm Spray alternative to pot on the market in Canada]. ''USA Today'' (online). Retrieved on 27 Feb 2007</ref> this medication may now be legally imported into the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Spain]] on prescription.<ref name="SativexEu">{{cite web|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/411/sativex.shtml|title=Europe: Sativex Coming to England, Spain|accessdate=2006-03-25}}</ref> Dr. William Notcutt is one of the chief researchers that has developed Sativex, he has been working with GW and founder Geoffrey Guy since the company's inception in 1998. Notcutt states that the use of MS as the disease to study "had everything to do with politics."<ref name="Respectable Reefer">{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Gary|title=Respectable Reefer|publisher=Mother Jones|date=[[2005-11-01]]|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/11/Respectable_Reefer-3.html|accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
{{seealso|Health issues and the effects of cannabis}}

On 4-20-2006, The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) issued an advisory against medical marijuana stating that, "marijuana has a high potential for abuse, has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and has a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. Furthermore, there is currently sound evidence that smoked marijuana is harmful." [http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01362.html].
Some prominent American societies have been reluctant to endorse medicinal cannabis.
For example: [http://www.ama-assn.org/apps/pf_new/pf_online?f_n=browse&doc=policyfiles/HnE/H-95.952.HTM], the National Multiple Sclerosis Society [http://www.nationalmssociety.org/Sourcebook-Marijuana.asp]
, the American Academy of Ophthalmology [http://www.aao.org/education/library/cta/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=1216] and the American Cancer Society [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Smoking_Marijuana_May_Increase_Cancer_Risk.asp]. (Federal Register, 1992).

On June 6, 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down a decision which approved the Federal Government's position that federal law permits the prosecution of persons possessing cannabis regardless of the defense that they are medicinal cannabis patients, even in states that exempt its prohibition for medicinal purposes.. [http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/06jun20051130/www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/04pdf/03-1454.pdf]

The [[Institute of Medicine]], run by the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]] and funded by the United States federal government, conducted a comprehensive study in 1999 to assess the potential health benefits of cannabis and its constituent cannabinoids. The study concluded that smoking cannabis is not recommended for the treatment of any disease condition, but did conclude that nausea, appetite loss, pain and anxiety can all be mitigated by marijuana. While the study expressed reservations about smoked marijuana due to the health risks associated with smoking, the study team concluded that until another mode of ingestion was perfected that could provide the same relief as smoked marijuana, there was no alternative. In addition, the study pointed out the inherent difficulty in marketing a non patentable herb. Pharmaceutical companies will not substantially profit unless there is a patent. For those reasons, the Institute of Medicine concluded that there is little future in smoked cannabis as a medically approved medication. The report also concluded for certain patients, such as the terminally ill or those with debilitating symptoms, the long-term risks are not of great concern.<ref>Cannabis and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base," Institute of Medicine, 1999. </ref>

In an unpublished 2001 study by the Mayo Clinic, Marinol was shown to be less effective than megestrol acetate in helping cancer patients regain lost appetites.<ref>Cannabis Appetite Boost Lacking in Cancer Study" The New York Times, May 13, 2001. </ref>

In 2003, the [[American Academy of Ophthalmology]] released a position statement asserting that "no scientific evidence has been found that demonstrates increased benefits and/or diminished risks of marijuana use to treat glaucoma compared with the wide variety of pharmaceutical agents now available." <ref name="AOA">American Academy of Ophthalmology. [http://www.aao.org/education/library/cta/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=1216 Complementary Therapy Assessment: Marijuana in the Treatment of Glaucoma.] Retrieved August 2, 2006.</ref>

== Legal and medical status of cannabis ==
{{main|Legal and medical status of cannabis}}
[[Image:World-cannabis-laws.png|right|thumb|401px|World laws on [[cannabis]] possession (small amount). Data is from multiple sources detailed on the [[Image talk:World-cannabis-laws.png|full source list]]]]
[[Image:European-cannabis-laws.png|right|thumb|401px|European laws on [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] possession (small amount). Data is from multiple sources detailed on the [[Image talk:World-cannabis-laws.png#Europe|full source list]]]]
Cannabis is in Schedule IV of the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]], making it subject to special restrictions. [http://www.incb.org/e/conv/1961/articles.htm#2 Article 2] provides for the following, in reference to Schedule IV drugs:

: ''A Party shall, if in its opinion the prevailing conditions in its country render it the most appropriate means of protecting the public health and welfare, prohibit the production, manufacture, export and import of, trade in, possession or use of any such drug except for amounts which may be necessary for medical and scientific research only, including clinical trials therewith to be conducted under or subject to the direct supervision and control of the Party.''

This provision, while apparently providing for the limitation of cannabis to research purposes only, also seems to allow some latitude for nations to make their own judgments. The official Commentary on the Single Convention indicates that Parties are expected to make that judgment in good faith.

== Further reading ==

*[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01362.html Official FDA Statement Regarding Claims of Smoked Marijuana as medicine]
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/medpaper.htm Report on and index of marijuana medical studies] by Todd Mikuriya, M.D.]
* [http://jul.2006.med-bib.com/16849753.htm Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group; Strasser F, Luftner D, Possinger K, Ernst G, Ruhstaller T, Meissner W, Ko YD, Schnelle M, Reif M, Cerny T: Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 20;24(21):3394-400.]
** Synthetic [[THC]] or low doses of cannabis extract administered orally for cancer-related cachexia (anorexia, weight-loss, emaciation) not better than placebo.
* [http://www.nap.edu/html/marimed/ Janet E. Joy, Stanley J. Watson, Jr., and John A Benson, Jr., "Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base", Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, Institute of Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999).]
** "The accumulated data indicate a potential therapeutic value for cannabinoid drugs, particularly for symptoms such as pain relief, control of nausea and vomiting, and appetite stimulation." and "At this point there are no convincing data to support (the concern that medical marijuana would lead to an increase in recreational use). The existing data are consistent with the idea that this would not be a problem if the medical use of marijuana were as closely regulated as other medications with abuse potential."
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/ms_mj_ref.htm Index of studies involving marijuana and multiple sclerosis]
* [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/mariem1.htm Doblin et al., Marijuana as Antiemetic Medicine: A Survey of Oncologists' Experiences and Attitudes," ''Journal of Clinical Oncology'', Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1991.]
* [http://www.connotea.org/add?uri=news/2005/050404/full/050404-7.html Khamsi, R: Cannabis compound benefits blood vessels. Nature, 4 Apr 2005 (premium content).]
** [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] has been found to combat formation of arterial blockages. A random survey of oncologists found that 44% had illegally recommended marijuana for the control of vomiting and that 48% would do so if it were legal; 54% thought it should be available by prescription.
* [http://www.medmjscience.org/Pages/science/vinciguerra.html Vinciguerra et al., Inhalation Marijuana as an Antiemetic for Cancer Chemotherapy," ''The New York State Journal of Medicine'', pgs., 525-527, October 1988]
** 56 Patients who had achieved no success with other antiemetics; 72% found success — the study also concluded that smoked marijuana was more effective than oral THC pills.
* [http://www.medmjscience.org/Pages/science/chang.bhtml Chang et al., Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an Antiemetic in Cancer Patients Receiving High Dose Methotrexate; ''Annals of Internal Medicine'', Volume 91, Number 6, pg. 819-824, December 1979]
** A double-blind controlled study found a 72% reduction in nausea and vomiting; the study also concluded that smoked marijuana was more effective than oral THC
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3774823&dopt=Citation Foltin RW, Brady JV, Fischman MW: Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1986 Sep;25(3):577-82.]; [http://aug.1988.med-bib.com/3228283.htmFoltin RW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF: Effects of smoked marijuana on food intake and body weight of humans living in a residential laboratory. Appetite. 1988 Aug;11(1):1-14.]; and [http://aug.1976.med-bib.com/822452.htm Greenberg I, Kuehnle J, Mendelson JH, Bernstein JG: Effects of marihuana use on body weight and caloric intake in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1976 Aug 26;49(1):79-84.]
** These three studies concluded that marijuana increases appetite.
* [http://oct.1975.med-bib.com/1099449.htm Sallan SE, Zinberg NE, Frei E 3rd: Antiemetic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1975 Oct 16;293(16):795-7.]
** Study concluded that smoked marijuana was more beneficial than synthetic THC for some patients.
* Donald P. Tashkin, MD, "Effects of Smoked Marijuana on the Lung and Its Immune Defenses: Implications for Medicinal Use in HIV-Infected Patients"; ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'', Vol. 1, No. 3/4, 2001, pp. 87-102
** "Frequent marijuana use can cause airway injury, lung inflammation and impaired pulmonary defense against infection. The major potential pulmonary consequences of habitual marijuana use of particular relevance to patients with AIDS is superimposed pulmonary infection, which could be life threatening in the seriously immonocompromised patient. In view of the immonosuppressive effect of THC, the possibility that regular marijuana use could enhance progression of HIV infection itself needs to be considered, although this possibility remains unexplored to date."
* Guy A. Cabral, PhD, "Marijuana and Cannabinoids: Effects on Infections, Immunity, and AIDS"; ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'', Vol. 1, No. 3/4, 2001, pp. 61-85
** "However, few controlled longitudinal epidemiological and immunological studies have been undertaken to correlate the immunosuppressive effects of marijuana smoke or cannabinoids on the incidence of infections or viral disease in humans. Clearly, additional investigation to resolve the long-term immunological consequences of cannabinoid and marijuana use as they relate to resistance to infections in humans is warranted."
* [http://dec.1979.med-bib.com/231736.htm Ekert H, Waters KD, Jurk IH, Mobilia J, Loughnan P: Amelioration of cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Med J Aust. 1979 Dec 15;2(12):657-9.]
** In children receiving cancer chemotherapy delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has an antinausea and antivomiting effect.
* [http://jan.1980.med-bib.com/6985702.htm Sallan SE, Cronin C, Zelen M, Zinberg NE: Antiemetics in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer: a randomized comparison of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and prochlorperazine. N Engl J Med. 1980 Jan 17;302(3):135-8.]
** THC seems to be an effective antiemetic in many patients who receive chemotherapy for cancer and for whom other antiemetics are ineffective.
*[http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/51277/ New Studies Destroy the Last Objection to Medical Marijuana]

== See also ==
* Patients Out of Time
* Coalition to Reschedule Cannabis
* [[Health issues and the effects of cannabis]]
* [[Ed Rosenthal]]
* [[Tilden's Extract]]
* [[Sativex]]
* [[Victor Robinson]]
* [[Steve Kubby]]
* [[NORML]]
* [[California Cannabis Research Medical Group]]
* [[Cannabis Buyers Club]]
* [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]]
* [[Proposition 215]]
* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* MMJ ACTION NETWORK

==References==
* [http://www.incb.org/e/conv/1961/ Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961], International Narcotics Control Board.
* Dominik Wujastyk, "Cannabis in Traditional Indian Herbal Medicine" in Ana Salema (ed.), ''Ayurveda at the Crossroads of Care and Cure'', Lisbon, [http://cham.fcsh.unl.pt/engl/ayurveda.htm Centro de História del Além-Mar], Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2002, pp.45--73. ISBN 972-98672-5-9. [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/papers/cannabis.pdf Early pre-publication draft.]

==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.antiquecannabisbook.com The Antique Cannabis Book]
* [http://ahp.yorku.ca/?p=59 Bibliography: Cannabis canadensis]. Advances in the History of Psychology, [[York University]]
*[http://www.compassioncorner.org Cannabis Compassion Corner] A not-for-profit online cannabis compassion club.
* [http://www.drugscience.org. DrugScience.org] provides scientific and other material regarding the medical use of cannabis.
* [http://marijuana-ro.com/index.php?page=medical-usage Marijuana Ro Medical Club Medical Usage]
* [http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org Medical Marijuana ProCon.org] - Should marijuana be a medical option?
* [http://www.waitingtoinhale.org ''Waiting to Inhale''] - The first documentary to examine the movement to legalize cannabis for medical use
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/20/60minutes/main3281715.shtml The Debate On California's Pot Shops] from [[CBS]] news show [[60 Minutes]]

;International organizations
* [http://www.acmed.org/english/home.htm International Association for Cannabis as Medicine (IACM)]

;National organizations
* [http://www.mpp.org/ The Marijuana Policy Project]
* [http://www.americansforsafeaccess.org/ Americans for Safe Access]
* [http://www.medicalmarijuanamuseum.org The Medical Marijuana Museum] Medical Cannabis Archive
* [http://www.letfreedomgrow.org American Alliance for Medical Cannabis]
* [http://www.compassionatecoalition.org Compassionate Coalition]
*[http://www.medicalmarijuanaofamerica.com Medical Marijuana of America:] Resource for pot prisoner support, medicinal cannabis prequalification.
* [http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3376 NORML - National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Medical Use]
* [http://www.medicalcannabis.com. Patients Out of Time]

;Local organizations
*[http://www.amop.org Alternative Medicine Outreach Program] Douglas County, Oregon
* [http://thecompassionclub.org/ The BC Compassion Club Society] British Columbia
* [http://www.clubcompassion.org/ The Montreal Compassion Center] Montreal
* [http://www.iowamedicalmarijuana.org Iowans for Medical Marijuana]
* [http://www.occaregivers.com OC Caregivers] - Orange County, California
* [http://www.ripatients.org Rhode Island Patient Advocacy Coalition]
* [http://www.wamm.org The Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana] Santa Cruz, California
*[http://www.weedconnection.com WeedConnection] Southern California

{{Cannabis resources}}
[[de:Cannabis als Medizin]]
[[fr:Cannabis médical]]
[[no:Cannabis (medisin)]]
[[sr:Медицинска употреба конопље]]

[[Category:Antiemetics]]
[[Category:Cannabis]]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:United States controlled substances law]]
[[Category:Drugs]]
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cannabis (drug) detailed information

2013-07-25T15:22:38Z

Kristin Feeney: Changed protection level for "Cannabis (drug) detailed information" ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 15:22, 25 August 2013 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 15:22, 25 August 2013 (UTC)))

{{SI}}

__NOTOC__
'''Cannabis''', known as '''marijuana'''<ref>Random House Unabridged dictionary: marijuana, n. 1. hemp. 2. the dried leaves and female flowers of the hemp plant, used in cigarette form as a narcotic or hallucinogen. Also, marihuana. [1890-95, American < MexSp marihuana, mariguana]</ref> or '''ganja'''<ref>The [[Oxford English Dictionary]]: Any of various preparations of different parts of the hemp-plant which are smoked, chewed, sniffed or drunk for their intoxicating or hallucinogenic properties and were formerly used medicinally; bhang (marijuana), ganja, and charas (hashish) are different forms of these preparations." It is also notes that "cannabis" was elliptical reference (i.e. slang) for Cannabis sativa.</ref> in its herbal form and '''[[hashish]]''' in its [[resin]]ous form,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idmu.co.uk/can.htm|title=Types of Cannabis Available in the UK|author=Matthew J. Atha - Independent Drug Monitoring Unit |accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> is a [[psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] product of the plant ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' L. subsp. ''indica'' (= ''C. indica'' Lam.). The herbal form of the drug consists of dried mature [[flower]]s and subtending leaves of pistillate ("female") plants. The resinous form consists primarily of glandular [[trichomes]] collected from the same plant material.[[Image:Macro cannabis bud.jpg|thumb|200px|A dried flowered bud of the ''Cannabis sativa'' plant.]] The major biologically active [[chemical compound]] in cannabis is Δ9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), commonly referred to as THC.
Humans have been consuming cannabis since prehistory,<ref name=rudgley1999>{{cite book|author=Rudgley, Richard|year=1999|title=The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age| editor=Touchstone|id=ISBN 0-6848-5580-1}}</ref> although in the 20th century there was a rise in its use for [[Recreational drug use|recreational]], [[religious]] or spiritual, and medicinal purposes. It is estimated that about four percent of the world's adult population use cannabis annually.<ref name="WDR2006chap2">{{citation|author=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|year=2006|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap2_biggest_market.pdf|title=Cannabis: Why we should care|journal=World Drug Report|volume=1|id=ISBN 9-2114-8214-3|accessdate=2006-10-10}} p.14</ref> The possession, use, or sale of psychoactive cannabis products became [[Legal issues of cannabis|illegal]] in most parts of the world in the early 20th century. Since then, some countries have intensified the enforcement of cannabis [[Prohibition (drugs)|prohibition]] while others have reduced the priority of enforcement, almost to the point of legalization, as is the case in [[Drug policy of the Netherlands|the Netherlands]].

The production of cannabis for drug use remains illegal throughout most of the world through the 1961 [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]], the 1971 [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]], and the 1988 [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]], while simple possession of small quantities is either legal, or treated as an addiction rather than a criminal offense in a few countries. The laws in the United States vary from state to state, 13 of them now having decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana for medical use ([http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3391]), although it is still a federal crime.

==History==
[[Image:Cannabissativadior.jpg|thumb|''[[Cannabis sativa]]'' from [[Vienna Dioscurides]], 512 A.D.]]
Evidence of the inhalation of cannabis smoke can be found as far back as the [[Neolithic]] age, as indicated by charred cannabis seeds found in a ritual [[brazier]] at an ancient burial site in present day [[Romania]].<ref name=rudgley1999/> The most famous users of cannabis were the ancient [[Hindu]]s of India and Nepal, and the [[Hashshashin]]s (hashish eaters) of present day Syria. The herb was called ''ganjika'' in [[Sanskrit]] (''ganja'' in modern Indian and Nepali languages).<ref name=leary1990>{{cite book|author=Leary, Thimothy|year=1990|title=Flashbacks|editor=Tarcher/Putnam|id=ISBN 0-8747-7870-0}}</ref><ref name="ganjikaEB">{{Citation|year=1911|url=http://57.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HE/HEMP.htm|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=11th|accessdate=2006-06-15}}</ref> The ancient drug [[soma]], mentioned in the [[Veda]]s as a sacred intoxicating hallucinogen, was sometimes associated with cannabis.<ref name=rudgley1998>{{cite book|author=Rudgley, Richard|year=1998|url=http://www.huxley.net/soma/index.html|title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances|editor=Little, Brown and Company|accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref>

Cannabis was also known to the [[Assyrians]], who discovered its psychoactive properties through the [[Aryans]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Franck, Mel | title=Marijuana Grower's Guide| publisher=Red Eye Press | year=1997| id=ISBN 0-9293-4903-2}} p.3</ref> Using it in some religious ceremonies, they called it ''qunubu'' (meaning "way to produce smoke"), a probable origin of the modern word.<ref>{{cite book | author=Rubin, Vera D.| title=Cannabis and Culture| publisher=Campus Verlag | year=1976| id=ISBN 3-5933-7442-0}} p.305</ref> Cannabis was also introduced by the Aryans to the [[Scythia]]ns and [[Thracians]]/[[Dacia]]ns, whose [[shamanism|shamans]] (the ''kapnobatai''—“those who walk on smoke/clouds”) burned cannabis flowers to induce a state of trance.<ref>{{cite book | author=Cunliffe, Barry W.| title=The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe| publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001| id=ISBN 0-1928-5441-0}} p.405</ref> Members of the cult of [[Dionysus]], believed to have originated in [[Thrace]], are also thought to have inhaled cannabis smoke. In 2003, a leather basket filled with cannabis leaf fragments and seeds was found next to a 2,500- to 2,800-year-old [[mummy|mummified]] [[shaman]] in the northwestern [[Xinjiang]] Uygur Autonomous Region of [[China]].<ref name=peoplesdaily>{{cite web|year=2006|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200612/23/eng20061223_335258.html|title=Lab work to identify 2,800-year-old mummy of shaman|publisher=People's Daily Online|accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref><ref name=jiang2006a>{{cite journal|author=Hong-En Jiang ''et al.''|year=2006|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4K7WC0F-2&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F06%2F2006&_rdoc=17&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235084%232006%23998919996%23636769%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=5084&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=23&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3e6ac8940b4b86b94935cd7a7d7bc19d|title=A new insight into ''Cannabis sativa'' (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang, China|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=108|issue=3|pages=414-422|accessdate=2007-02-25}}</ref>

[[Cannabis]] has an ancient history of ritual use and is found in [[pharmacological cult]]s around the world. Hemp seeds discovered by archaeologists at [[Pazyryk]] suggest early ceremonial practices like eating by the [[Scythians]] occurred during the 5th to 2nd century BCE, confirming previous historical reports by [[Herodotus]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Walton, Robert P. | title=Marijuana, America's New Drug Problem| publisher=J. B. Lippincott | year=1938| id=}} p.6</ref> Some historians and etymologists have claimed that cannabis was used as a religious sacrament by ancient [[Jews]] and early [[Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2633187.stm|title=Cannabis linked to Biblical healing|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> It was also used by [[Muslims]] in various [[Sufi]] orders as early as the Mamluk period, for example by the Qalandars.<ref>{{cite book|title=Le haschich et l'extase|author=[[Ibn Taymiyya]]|id=ISBN 2-8416-1174-4}}</ref> In [[India]] and [[Nepal]], it has been used by some of the wandering spiritual [[sadhu]]s for centuries, and in modern times the [[Rastafari movement]] has embraced it as a sacrament.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica|author=[[Joseph Owens]]|id=ISBN 0-4359-8650-3}}</ref> Elders of the modern religious movement known as the [[Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church]] consider cannabis to be the [[Eucharist]], claiming it as an oral tradition from [[Ethiopia]] dating back to the time of [[Christ]], even though the movement was founded in the [[United States]] in 1975 and has no ties to either Ethiopia or the Coptic Church.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/potbible.htm|title=Marijuana and the Bible|publisher=Schaffer Library of Drug Policy|author=The Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church|accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> Like the Rastafari, some modern [[Gnostic]] Christian sects have asserted that cannabis is the Tree of Life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rastafari.tribe.net/thread/0838144c-cce9-45ac-982b-5f0e5fccd07d|title=Zion Light Ministry|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Chris Bennett, Lynn & Osburn, Judy Osburn| title=Green Gold: the Tree of LifeMarijuana in Magic & Religion| publisher=Access Unlimited|pages=418 | year=1938| id=ISBN 0-9629-8722-0}}</ref> Other organized [[religions]] founded in the past century that treat cannabis as a sacrament are the [[THC Ministry]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thc-ministry.org/|title=The Hawai'i Cannabis Ministry|accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> the [[Way of Infinite Harmony]], [[Cantheism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeneezer.net/ritual/vegetable/offsite/Cantheist.html|title=Cantheism|accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> the [[Cannabis Assembly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabisassembly.org/|title=Cannabis Assembly|accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> and the [[Church of Cognizance]].

[[Cannabis]] was introduced to the [[Americas]] in the mid-19th century by Indian laborers under the [[Indian indenture system]] implemented by the [[British Empire]] after the end of [[African slavery]] in the [[British West Indies]]. In the [[Caribbean]], cannabis is still known as ''ganja'' (the [[Sanskrit]] word for marijuana), [[India]]n or [[Coolie]] weed. The plant eventually spread into [[Mexico]], [[U.S.]], [[Canada]] and the rest of the Americas.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}

=== Medical use ===
{{main|Medical cannabis}}
Synthetic or extracts of one chemical in marijuana, is a controversial treatment for medical use. The American [[Marijuana Policy Project]], a pro-cannabis organization, contends that cannabis is an ideal therapeutic drug for cancer and [[AIDS]] patients, who often suffer from clinical depression, and from nausea and resulting weight loss due to [[chemotherapy]] and other aggressive treatments. A recent study by scientists in Italy has also shown that [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), a chemical found in marijuana, inhibits growth of cancer cells in animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=6917|title=Cannabidiol Dramatically Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth, Study Says|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref>

[[FDA]] and comparable authorities in Western Europe in including the [[Netherlands]], have not approved smoked marijuana for any condition or disease. A common view is that if there is any future of marijuana as a medicine, it lies in its isolated components, the cannabinoids and their synthetic derivatives. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/ola/2004/marijuana0401.html|title=Testimony before the
Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources, Committee on Government Reform|author=Meyer, Robert J.|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref>

A synthetic extract of cannabis has been shown to relieve symptoms of anorexia in elderly Alzheimer's patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3169901.stm|title=Cannabis lifts Alzheimer appetite|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref>

Glaucoma, a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball causing gradual loss of sight, can be treated with medical marijuana to decrease this intraocular pressure. There has been debate for 25 years on the subject. Some data exist, showing a reduction of IOP in glaucoma patients who smoke marijuana,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Merritt JC, Crawford WJ, Alexander PC, et al.|title=Effect of marihuana on intraocular and blood pressure in glaucoma|journal=Ophthalmol|year=1980|issue=87|pages=222-8|id=ISSN 0007-1161}}</ref> but the effects are short-lived, and the frequency of doses needed to sustain a decreased IOP can cause systemic toxicity. There is also some concern over its use since it can also decrease blood flow to the optic nerve. Marijuana lowers IOP by acting on a cannabinoid receptor on the ciliary body called the CB receptor.<ref>{{cite journal|author=|Goldberg J, Flowerdew G, Smith E, et al.|title=Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration|journal=Am J Epidemiol|year=1988|issue=128|pages=700-10}}</ref> Although marijuana is not a good therapeutic choice for glaucoma patients, it may lead researchers to more effective, safer treatments. A promising study shows that agents targeted to ocular CB can reduce IOP in glaucoma patients who have failed other therapies.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Porcella A, Maxia C, Gessa GL, Pani L.|title=The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212-2 decreases the intraocular pressure in human glaucoma resistant to conventional therapies|journal=Eur J Neurosci|year=2001|issue=13|pages=409-12}}</ref>

Medical marijuana is used for analgesia, or pain relief. “Marijuana is used for analgesia only in the context of a handful of illnesses (e.g., headache, dysentery, menstrual cramps, and depression) that are often cited by marijuana advocates as medical reasons to justify the drug being available as a prescription medication.”<ref>{{citation|author=Blanchard Randall|publisher=Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service|title=Medical Use of Marijuana: Policy and Regulatory Issues|year=1992}}</ref> It is also reported to be beneficial for treating certain neurological illnesses such as epilepsy, and bipolar disorder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medboardwatch.com/wb/pages/therapeutic-effects.php|title=Review of Therapeutic Effects|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> Case reports have found that cannabis can relieve [[tic]]s in people with OCD and/or [[Tourette syndrome]]. Patients treated with [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], the main psychoactive chemical found in cannabis, reported a significant decrease in both motor and vocal tics, some of 50% or more.<ref name="ocd-ts-99">{{cite journal|author=K.R. Muller, U. Schneider, H. Kolbe, H.M. Emrich|title=Treatment of Tourette's Syndrome With Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1999|volume=156|issue=3|url=http://www.marijuana.org/AmJoPsychMarch99.html|accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref><ref name="ocd-ts-02">{{cite journal|author=K.R. Muller, U. Schneider, A. Koblenz, M. Jöbges, H. Kolbe, T. Daldrup, H.M. Emrich|title=Treatment of Tourette's Syndrome with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): A Randomized Crossover Trial |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry|year=2002|volume=35|issue=2|url=http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/pharmaco/doi/10.1055/s-2002-25028|accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref><ref name="ocd-ts-88">{{cite journal|author=R. Sandyk, G. Awerbuch|title=Marijuana and Tourette's Syndrome|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology|year=1988|volume=8|issue=6|url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/medical/mjtouret.htm|accessdate=2007-09-15}}</ref> Some decrease in obsessive-compulsive behavior was also found.<ref name="ocd-ts-99">{{cite journal|author=K.R. Muller, U. Schneider, H. Kolbe, H.M. Emrich|title=Treatment of Tourette's Syndrome With Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1999|volume=156|issue=3|url=http://www.marijuana.org/AmJoPsychMarch99.html}}</ref> A recent study has also concluded that cannabinoids found in cannabis might have the ability to prevent Alzheimer's disease.<ref name="ADBlock">{{cite journal|author=Ramíirez, B. G., C. Blázquez, T. Gómez del Pulgar, M. Guzmán, and M. L. de Ceballos|year=2005|url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/8/1904|title=Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=25|issue=8^|pages=1904-1913|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> THC has been shown to reduce arterial blockages.<ref name=steffens2005>{{cite journal|author=Steffens, S.,Veillard, N.R., ''et al.''|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7034/abs/nature03389.html|title=Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice|journal=Nature|volume=474|issue=7034|pages=782-786|acecssdate=2007-02-27}}</ref>

Another use for medical marijuana is movement disorders. Marijuana is frequently reported to reduce the muscle spasticity associated with [[Multiple Sclerosis]], this has been acknowledged by the [[Institute Of Medicine]], but it noted that these abundant anecdotal reports are not well-supported by clinical data. Evidence from animal studies suggests that there is a possible role for cannabinoids in the treatment of certain types of epileptic seizures.<ref>{{cite book | author=Randall, Blanchard| title=Medical use of marijuana policy and regulatory issues| publisher=Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress| year=1992| id=OCLC 29975643}}</ref> The marijuana will numb the nervous system slightly so the body won’t go into shock. A synthetic version of the major active compound in cannabis, THC, is available in capsule form as the prescription drug dronabinol (Marinol) in many countries. The prescription drug Sativex, an extract of cannabis administered as a sublingual spray, has been approved in Canada for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.<ref name="SativexC">{{cite web|author=Koch, W.|date=23 Jun 2005|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-06-23-pot-spray_x.htm|title=Spray alternative to pot on the market in Canada|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> Dr. William Notcutt states that the use of MS as the disease to study “had everything to do with politics”.<ref name="Respectable Reefer">{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Gary|title=Respectable Reefer|publisher=Mother Jones|date=[[2005-11-01]]|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/11/Respectable_Reefer-3.html|accessdate=2007-04-03}}</ref>

=== New breeding and cultivation techniques ===
{{main|Cannabis (drug) cultivation}}
[[Image:Orange Crush1.jpg|thumb| Cannabis Strain: Orange Crush]]
It is often claimed by growers and breeders of herbal cannabis that advances in breeding and cultivation techniques have increased the potency of cannabis since the late 1960s and early '70s. However, potent seedless marijuana such as "Thai sticks" were already available at that time. In fact, the [[Cannabis (drug) cultivation#Sinsemilla|''sinsemilla'' technique]] of producing high-potency marijuana has been practiced in India for centuries. Sinsemilla (Spanish for "without seed") is the dried, seedless inflorescences of female cannabis plants. Because [[tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] production drops off once pollination occurs, the male plants (which produce little THC themselves) are eliminated before they shed pollen to prevent pollination. Advanced cultivation techniques such as [[Cannabis (drug) cultivation#Hydroponic cultivation|hydroponics]], [[Cannabis (drug) cultivation#Feminized seeds|cloning]], [[Cannabis (drug) cultivation#Lighting|high-intensity artificial lighting]], and [[Cannabis (drug) cultivation#Sea of green|the sea of green method]] are frequently employed as a response (in part) to prohibition enforcement efforts that make outdoor cultivation more risky. These intensive horticultural techniques have led to fewer seeds being present in cannabis and a general increase in potency over the past 20 years. The average levels of THC in marijuana sold in United States rose from 3.5% in 1988 to 7% in 2003 and 8.5% in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18310976/|publisher=MSNBC|title=Marijuana sold in U.S. stronger than ever|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref>

"Skunk" cannabis is a potent strain of cannabis, grown through selective breeding and usually hydroponics, that is a cross-breed of ''Cannabis sativa'' and ''C. indica''. Skunk cannabis potency ranges usually from 6% to 15% and rarely as high as 20%. The average THC level in [[coffeehouse]]s in the [[Netherlands]] is about 18–19%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/world_drug_report.html|title=World Drug Report 2006|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|accessdate=2007-09-21}} Ch. 2.3</ref>

The average THC content of Skunk #1 is 8.2%; it is a 4-way combination of the cannabis strains Afghani indica, Mexican Gold, Colombian Gold, and Thai: 75% ''sativa'', 25% ''indica''. This was done via extensive breeding by cultivators in California in the 1970s using the traditional outdoor cropping methods used for centuries.

Many opponents of cannabis use, both in and out of government, have exaggerated the increases in potency and ramifications thereof. In the United States, government advertisements encourage parents to disregard their own experiences with cannabis when speaking to their children, on the premise that the "pot" of today is significantly stronger, and thus more dangerous, than that which they used in the past.<ref name="More potent">{{cite press release|publisher=[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]|date=[[2004-09-09]]|url=http://www.dhhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040909b.html|title=Nation's Youth Turning Away from Marijuana, as Perceptions of Risk Rise; Most Adults with Substance Abuse Problems Are Employed|accessdate=2006-05-30}}</ref> In proposed revisions to [[Cannabis reclassification in the United Kingdom|cannabis rescheduling]] in the UK, the government is considering scheduling the more potent cannabis material as a separate, more restricted substance. Many cannabis proponents are vehemently opposed, reasoning that if one can smoke less cannabis to achieve the same effect, then it is safer in the long run than smoking a less potent product.

A Dutch double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of male volunteers with a self-reported history of regular cannabis use aged 18–45 years concluded that smoking of cannabis, with higher THC reflecting the content levels of ''netherweed'' (marijuana with 9–23% THC) as currently sold in coffee shops in the Netherlands, may lead to higher THC concentrations in serum (the internal dose). Smoking of cannabis with higher THC concentrations leads to an increase of the occurrence of effects, particularly among younger or inexperienced cannabis smokers, who do not adapt their smoking to the higher THC.<ref>{{citation|author=Tj. T. Mensinga et al.|url=http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/267002002.pdf|title=A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study on the pharmacokinetics and effects of cannabis|publisher=[[RIVM]]|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> Smoking of cannabis with higher THC concentrations was associated with a dose-related increase of physical effects (such as increase of heart rate, and decrease of blood pressure) and psychomotor effects (such as reacting more slowly, being less concentrated, making more mistakes during performance testing, having less motor control, and experiencing drowsiness).

What was well observed in the Dutch study was that the effects based from a single dose—the smoking of one piece of a [[joint]] for 20–25 minutes—lasted for more than eight hours. The reaction time was still significantly slower about five hours after smoking. At that time, the THC serum concentration was low, but still present. This means that even when individuals have the impression that their state has returned to baseline and that they can smoke another piece of joint, the effect of the first joint may be still present. When subjects smoke on several occasions per day, accumulation of THC may occur.

Another study showed that 15 mg THC result in no learning whatsoever occurring over a three-trial selective reminding task at two hours. In several tasks, delta(9)-THC increased both speed and error rates, reflecting “riskier” speed–accuracy trade-offs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12373420&dopt=AbstractCurranCurran|author=Curran H.V., et al.|title=Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects|year=2002|publisher=[[NCBI|National Center for Biotechnology Information]]|accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref>

There are two recognized types of herbal cannabis, ''sativa'' and ''indica''. So-called ''sativa'' strains are reputed to induce a noticeably more "cerebral" high, while ''indica'' strains induce more of a body high. These two drug types are often hybridized or crossed with early-maturing (but low in THC) ''ruderalis'' strains to increase the range in desirable characteristics.

==Criminalization and legalization==
[[Image:World-cannabis-laws.png|right|thumb|201px|World laws on [[cannabis]] possession (small amount). Data is from multiple sources detailed on the [[Image talk:World-cannabis-laws.png|full source list]]. This map is a work in progress. Please give corrections and additions [[User talk:CL8|here]].]]
[[Image:Killerdrug.jpg|right|thumb|200px|U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics [[public service announcement|PSA]] used in the late 1930s and 1940s.]]

Since the beginning of the 20th century, most countries have enacted laws against the cultivation, use, possession, or transfer of cannabis for recreational use. These laws have impacted adversely on the cannabis plant's cultivation for non-recreational purposes, but there are many regions where, under certain circumstances, handling of cannabis is legal or licensed. Many jurisdictions have lessened the penalties for possession of small quantities of cannabis, so that it is punished by [[confiscation]] or a [[fine]], rather than [[imprisonment]], focusing more on those who [[Trafficking|traffic]] and sell the drug on the [[black market]]. There are also changes in a more restrictive direction such as the closing of ''[[coffee shop]]s'' in the [[Netherlands]] and the closing of the open drug market in [[Freetown Christiania|Christiania]], [[Copenhagen]]. Some jurisdictions use mandatory treatment programs for frequent known users with freedom from narcotic drugs as goal. Simple possession can carry long jail sentences in some countries, particularly in [[East Asia]], where the sale of cannabis may lead to a sentence of life in prison or even execution.

==Effects==
{{main|Health issues and the effects of cannabis}}

It has [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive]] and [[physiological]] effects when consumed, usually by smoking or ingestion. The minimum amount of THC required to have a perceptible psychoactive effect is about 10 micrograms per kilogram of body weight<ref> http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/brain2.txt </ref> (which, in practical terms, is a varying amount, dependent upon potency). A related compound, Δ9-[[tetrahydrocannabivarin]], also known as [[THCV]], is produced in appreciable amounts by certain drug strains. This [[cannabinoid]] has been described in the popular literature as having shorter-acting, flashier effects than THC, but recent studies suggest that it may actually inhibit the effects of THC. Relatively high levels of THCV are common in African dagga (marijuana), and in hashish from the northwest Himalayas.
===Intoxication===
The state of intoxication due to cannabis consumption is colloquially known as a “high”; it is the state where mental and physical facilities are noticeably altered due to the consumption of cannabis. Each user experiences a different high, and the nature of it may vary upon factors such as potency, dose, chemical composition, method of consumption and [[set and setting]].

===Health issues===

Cannabis use has been alleged to be associated with several illnesses. Due to its illegal status in many countries, it has been difficult to research these claims. Smoked cannabis, especially together with [[tobacco]], has been linked to [[lung cancer]] by some studies, but others have found no significant evidence of a link.<ref name="Study Finds No Link Between Marijuana Use And Lung Cancer">{{cite news |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060526083353.htm |publisher=Science Daily |date=[[2006-05-26]] |title=Study Finds No Link Between Marijuana Use And Lung Cancer}}</ref>

Cannabis use has been linked to [[psychosis]] by several [[peer-reviewed]] studies. A 1987 Swedish study claiming a link between cannabis use and schizophrenia was criticized for not differentiating between cannabis use and the use of other narcotics, and its results have not been verified by other studies. More recently, the [[Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study]] published research showing an increased risk of psychosis for cannabis users with a certain genetic predisposition, held by 25% of the population.<ref name="Dunedin study">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10122930|title=Cannabis study finds gene linked to psychosis}}</ref> In 2007, a study published in ''[[The Lancet]]'' and a poll of mental health experts showed that a growing number of medical health practitioners are convinced that cannabis use increases susceptibility to mental illness, accounting for 14% of [[United Kingdom]] psychosis cases; however, the risk to an individual smoking cannabis is only increased by 2%.<ref name="The Great Cannabis Debate">{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2814755.ece|title=Independant: Poll of Mental Health Practitioners}}</ref>

A recent study by the Canadian government found cannabis contained more toxic substances than tobacco smoke.<ref name="Cannabis smoke 'has more toxins'">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7150274.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2007-12-19|title=Cannabis smoke 'has more toxins'}}</ref> The study determined that marijuana smoke contained 20 times more [[ammonia]], and five times more [[hydrogen cyanide]] and [[nitrous oxide]]s than tobacco smoke. In spite of this, a recent large-scale study found no correlation between heavy marijuana use and lung cancer, despite noting that cannabis contains the same carcinogens as tobacco. The same study found a 20-fold increase in lung-cancer rates of smokers who consumed two or more packs of cigarettes per day.<ref name="Study Finds No Link Between Marijuana Use And Lung Cancer">{{cite news |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060526083353.htm |publisher=Science Daily |date=[[2006-05-26]] |title=Study Finds No Link Between Marijuana Use And Lung Cancer}}</ref> These researchers postulated that the THC present may have a "protective effect" by causing aging cells to die before they become cancerous.<ref name="Study finds no marijuana-cancer connection">{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/25/AR2006052501729_pf.html |publisher=Washington Post |date=[2006-5-26] |title=Study Finds No Cancer-Marijuana Connection}}</ref> Other recent research suggest the cannabinoid CBD may stop certain cancers from spreading, although not in concentrations consumed during smoking.<ref name="Marijuana compound may stop spread of breast cancer">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,312132,00.html |publisher=Fox News |date=[[2007-11-19]] |title=Marijuana compound may stop spread of breast}}</ref>

In contrast, a study published in the January 2008 edition of the journal Respirology found that "regular" cannabis smokers who developed bullous [[lung disease]][[http://www.ctsnet.org/sections/clinicalresources/clinicalcases/article-1.html]] did so on average 24 years sooner than tobacco smoking counterparts.<ref>http://www.scienceedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080123104017.htm |publisher=Science Daily |date=[[2008-01-27]] |title=Marijuana Smokers Face Rapid Lung Destruction -- As Much As 20 Years Ahead Of Tobacco Smokers}}</ref> Researchers attributed this to the inhalation of a larger volume of smoke, and typically holding it for four times longer than tobacco smokers. Bullous lung disease is considered an uncommon cause of respiratory distress.<ref>[http://www.ctsnet.org/sections/clinicalresources/clinicalcases/article-1.html Bullous Lung Disease]</ref> In general, habitual inhalation of any kind of smoke is detrimental to lung health.<ref>[[http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobac-tabac/res/news-nouvelles/herb_e.html]]</ref>

In July 2007, British medical journal [[The Lancet]] published a study that indicates that cannabis users have, on average, a 41% greater risk of developing psychosis than non-users. The risk was most pronounced in cases with an existing risk of psychotic disorder, and was said to grow up to 200% for the most-frequent users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607611623/abstract |title=Cannabis could increase risk of psychotic illness later in life by 40% |publisher=The Lancet}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for
psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/rapidpdf/bmj.38267.664086.63v1?ehom|publisher=BMJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070727/marijuana_psychosis_070727?s_name=&no_ads=|title=Marijuana may increase psychosis risk|publisher=CTV}}</ref>

===Relationship with other drugs===
Since its origin in the 1950s, the "[[Gateway drug theory|gateway drug]]" hypothesis has been one of the central pillars of cannabis drug policy in the United States. One variant is that people, upon trying cannabis for the first time and not finding it dangerous, are then tempted to try other, harder drugs. These models of cause and effect has been debated.<ref name=Rand>{{cite web|date=2002-12-02 |url=http://www.rand.org/news/press.02/gateway.html|title=RAND study casts doubt on claims that marijuana acts as "gateway" to the use of cocaine and heroin|publisher=RAND Corporation|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> A 2005 comprehensive review of the literature on the cannabis gateway hypothesis found that pre-existing traits may predispose users to addiction in general, the availability of multiple drugs in a given setting confounds predictive patterns in their usage, and drug sub-cultures are more influential than cannabis itself. The study called for further research on "social
context, individual characteristics, and drug effects" to discover the actual relationships between cannabis and the use of other drugs.<ref>{{cite journal
|publisher=Drug and Alcohol Review
|author=WAYNE D. HALL & MICHAEL LYNSKEY
|title=Is cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs
|date=January 2005
|volume=24
|issue=1
|url=http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=4&sid=823f2f63-a315-433c-94cc-3ab0b1b01dc6%40sessionmgr2
|page=39 – 48
}}</ref>

Some argue that the purported relationship between marijuana and more illicit drugs, as proposed by the "gateway theory", is methodologically flawed. A common argument is that a new user of cannabis who doesn't find it dangerous will see the difference between public information regarding the drug and their own experiences, and apply this distrust to public knowledge of other, more powerful drugs. Some studies support the "gateway drug" model.<ref name=journalwatch>{{cite web|author=Saitz, Richard|date=2003-02-18|url=http://general-medicine.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2003/218/1|title=Is marijuana a gateway drug?|publisher=Journal Watch|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> An example from 2007: A stratified, random sample of 1943 adolescents was recruited from secondary schools across [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Australia]], at age 14–15 years. This cohort was interviewed on eight occasions until the age of 24–25 years. At age 24 years, 12% of the sample had used amphetamines in the past year, with 1–2% using at least weekly. Young adult amphetamine use was predicted strongly by adolescent drug use and was associated robustly with other drug use and dependence in young adulthood. Associations were stronger for more frequent users. Among young adults who had not been using amphetamines at age 20 years, the strongest predictor of use at age 24 years was the use of other drugs, particularly cannabis, at 20 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01906.x|author=Degenhardt, Louisa et al|title=Who are the new amphetamine users? A 10-year prospective study of young Australians|year=2007|accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> Those who were smoking cannabis at the age of 15 were as much as 15 times more likely to be using amphetamines in their early 20s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/18/1981329.htm|publisher=ABC News Australia|title=Cannabis linked to use of amphetamines|date=2007-07-18|accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref>

Analysts have hypothesized that the illegal status of cannabis is a possible cause of a gateway drug effect, reasoning that cannabis users are likely to become acquainted with people who use and sell other illegal drugs in order to acquire cannabis. But it is said that Marijuana is not as harmful or addicting as any other drug.<ref name=morral2002>{{cite journal |author=Morral AR, McCaffrey DF, Paddock SM |title=Reassessing the marijuana gateway effect |journal=[[Addiction (journal)|Addiction]] |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=1493-504 |year=2002 |pmid=12472629 |doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00280.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mpp.org/site/c.glKZLeMQIsG/b.1146183/k.AE54/FAQ.htm|title=Marijuana Policy Project- FAQ|accessdate=2006-12-24}}</ref> Some contend that by this argument, alcohol and tobacco may also be regarded as gateway drugs. Studies have shown that tobacco smoking is a better predictor of concurrent illicit hard drug use than smoking cannabis.<ref name=Torabi1993>{{cite journal |author=Torabi MR, Bailey WJ, Majd-Jabbari M |title=Cigarette smoking as a predictor of alcohol and other drug use by children and adolescents: evidence of the "gateway drug effect" |journal=The Journal of school health |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=302-6 |year=1993 |pmid=8246462 |doi=}}</ref>[[Image:Rational scale to assess the harm of drugs (mean physical harm and mean dependence).svg|right|thumb|Comparison of dependency vs. physical harm for 20 drugs as estimated by an article in ''[[The Lancet]]'']]

A current doctoral thesis from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, on the neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure, gives support for the cannabis gateway hypothesis in relation to adult opiate abuse. THC exposed rats showed increased motivation for opiate drug use under conditions of stress. However, the cannabis exposure did not correlate to amphetamine use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-064-0/|author=Ellgren, Maria|title=Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis|year=2007|publisher=[[Karolinska Institutet]]|accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref>

A study<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C |title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9566 |pages=1047-53 |year=2007 |pmid=17382831 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref> published in The Lancet on [[24 March]] [[2007]] was twenty drugs were assigned a risk from zero to three. Dr. David Nutt et al. asked medical, scientific and legal experts to rate 20 different drugs on nine parameters:
* Physical harm (Acute, Chronic, and Intravenous harm)
* Dependence (Intensity of pleasure, Psychological dependence, Physical dependence)
* Social harms (Intoxication, Other social harms, Health-care costs)

Cannabis was ranked seventeenth of twenty for mean physical harm score and eleventh for mean dependence score. Not shown is the mean social harm score, which rated ninth, in a tie with Amphetamine.

[[Poly drug use]] is not unusual among established users; statistics from Spain show that cannabis users aged 15 -34 also used [[amphetamine]] (9%), [[ecstasy]] (11%) or [[cocaine]] (18%) the same year.<ref>[http://ar2006.emcdda.europa.eu/en/page012-en.html?CFID=7908701&CFTOKEN=472a97577904fd31-16A12971-F8FA-A4BE-70FBED3F5065929B&jsessionid=2e30fd1d0c7948157239 EMCDDA Annual report 2006: the state of the drugs problem in Europe, ch. 8]</ref>

===Classification===
While many drugs clearly fall into the category of either Stimulant, Depressant, Hallucinogen, or Antipsychotic, cannabis, containing both [[THC]] and [[Cannabidiol|CBD]], exhibits a mix of all sections, leaning towards the Hallucinogen section due to THC being the primary constituent. <ref name="mckim">{{cite book | author=McKim, William A | title=Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology (5th Edition)| publisher=Prentice Hall| year=2002| pages=400| id=ISBN 0-13-048118-1 }}</ref><ref name="nida">{{cite web | title=Information on Drugs of Abuse | work=Commonly Abused Drug Chart | url=http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/DrugsofAbuse.html | accessdate=July 15| accessyear=2007}}</ref><ref name="Stafford">{{cite book | author=Stafford, Peter | title=Psychedelics Encyclopedia| year=1992 | id=ISBN 0914171518 }}</ref>

==Methods of consumption ==

[[Image:HOcannabis.jpg|thumb|200px|Herbal cannabis "buds"]]

Cannabis is prepared for human consumption in several forms:

* ''Marijuana'' or ''ganja'': the flowering tops of female plants, from less than 1% [[THC]] to 22% THC; the large differences are probably one of the reasons for the conflicting results from different studies.
* ''[[Hashish]]'' or ''[[charas]]'': a concentrated resin composed of heated glandular trichomes that have been physically extracted, usually by rubbing, sifting, or with ice
* ''[[Kief]]'': (1) the chopped flowering tops of female cannabis plants, often mixed with tobacco; (2) Moroccan hashish produced in the Rif mountains<ref name=kif>{{cite web|author=Zijlma, Anouk|url=http://goafrica.about.com/od/morocco/a/moroccokif.htm|title=Smoking hashish in Morocco|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref>; (3) sifted cannabis trichomes consisting of only the glandular "heads" (often incorrectly referred to as "crystals" or "pollen"); (4) the crystal (trichomes) left at the bottom of a grinder after grinding marijuana; then smoked.
* ''[[Bhang]]'': a beverage prepared by grinding cannabis leaves in milk and boiling with spices and other ingredients
[[Image:HOresin.jpg|thumb|150px|Hashish]]

These forms are not exclusive, and mixtures of two or more different forms of cannabis are frequently consumed. Between the many different strains of cannabis and the various ways that it is prepared, there are innumerable variations similar to the wide variety of mixed alcoholic beverages that are consumed.

===Smoking===
[[Image:Joints22.jpg|thumb|150px|Joints]]{{main|Cannabis smoking}}

=== Vaporization ===
A ''[[vaporizer]]'' heats herbal cannabis to 365–410 °F (185–210 °C), which turns the active ingredients into [[gas]] without burning the plant material (the boiling point of THC is 200°C at 0.02 mm Hg pressure, and somewhat higher at standard atmospheric pressure).<ref name=volcano>{{cite web|url=http://www.storz-bickel.com/pics/down/Lufttemperaturtabelle%20-%20Air%20temperatur%20table.pdf|title=Air Temperature Table|accessdate=2007-09-22}}. Volcanotm Operating Manual. Storz & Bickel, Tuttlingen, Germany.</ref><ref name=merck1989>1989. ''The Merck Index'', 11th ed., Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey</ref> Toxic chemicals are released at much lower levels than by smoking, although this may vary depending on the design of the vaporizer and the temperature at which it is set. A [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies|MAPS]]-[[NORML]] study using a [[Volcano vaporizer|Volcano™ vaporizer]] reported 95% THC and no toxins delivered in the vapor.<ref name="norml1">{{cite journal
| quotes =
| last = Gieringer
| first = Dale H.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Joseph St. Laurent, Scott Goodrich
| date =
| year = 2004
| month =
| title = Cannabis Vaporizer Combines Efficient Delivery of THC with Effective Suppression of Pyrolytic Compounds
| journal = Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics
| volume = 4
| issue = 1
| pages = 7-27
| doi = 10.1300/J175v04n01_02
| id =
| url = http://www.maps.org/mmj/Gieringer-vaporizer.pdf
| language =
| format = pdf
| accessdate = 2006-04-21
}}</ref> However, an older study using less sophisticated vaporizers found more toxins.<ref name="norml2">{{cite web|url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html|title=Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study|last=Gieringer|first=Dale|accessdate=2006-04-21}}</ref> The effects from a vaporizer are noticeably different to that of smoking cannabis. Users have reported a more euphoric hallucinogen type high, because the vapor contains more pure THC.

=== Eating ===
As an alternative to smoking, cannabis may be consumed orally. Although [[hashish]] is sometimes eaten raw or mixed with water, THC and other cannabinoids are more efficiently absorbed into the bloodstream when dissolved in [[ethanol]], or combined with butter or other [[lipid]]s. The effects of cannabis administered this way take longer to begin, but last longer. They are sometimes perceived as more physical than mental, although there are many claims to the contrary. An oral dose of cannabis is often considered to give a more intense experience than the equivalent dose of smoked cannabis. Some people report unpleasant experiences after ingesting cannabis, because they experience a more intense effect than they are comfortable with.

Smoking cannabis results in a significant loss of THC and other cannabinoids in the exhaled smoke, by decomposition on burning, and in smoke that is not inhaled. In contrast, all of the active constituents enter the body when cannabis is ingested. It has been shown that the primary active component of cannabis, Δ9-THC, is converted to the more psychoactive [[11-hydroxy-THC]] by the liver.<ref name="11-hydroxy">{{cite journal| author=Paulo Borini; Romeu Cardoso Guimarães; Sabrina Bicalho Borini| year=2004| month=May| title= ''Possible hepatotoxicity of chronic marijuana usage''| journal=Sao Paulo Medical Journal| volume=122| issue=3| doi=10.1590/S1516-31802004000300007| url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-31802004000300007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en| accessdate=2006-05-02}}</ref> [[Titration]] to the desired effect by ingestion is much more difficult than through inhalation.

As with other drugs taken orally, it is sometimes customary to [[Fasting|fast]] before eating cannabis to increase the effect, possibly because an empty stomach will enable the THC to enter the bloodstream more quickly. However, some people eat ordinary food before consuming the drug, because eating it on an empty stomach can cause nausea. The time to onset of effects is usually about an hour and may continue for a considerable length of time, whereas the effects of smoking herbal cannabis are almost immediate.
===Other methods===
Cannabis material can be [[Leaching|leached]] in high-proof spirits (often [[neutral grain spirit|grain alcohol]]) to create “[[Green Dragon (drink)|Green Dragon]]”. This process is often employed to make use of low-potency stems and leaves.

Cannabis can also be consumed as a [[tea]]. Although THC is [[lipophilic]] and only slightly [[water]] [[solubility|soluble]] (with a solubility of 2.8 grams per liter<ref name="water solubility">{{cite web|url=http://lib1.bmcc.cuny.edu/studres/projectsakinde.html|title=The Medical Applications of Cannabinoids|author=Akinde Omotayo|publisher=[[Borough of Manhattan Community College]]|accessdate=2006-09-15}}</ref>), enough THC can be dissolved to make a mildly psychoactive tea. However, water-based infusions are generally considered to be an inefficient use of the herb.

In 2006, hollowed-out gumballs filled with cannabis material and labeled as “Greenades” were distributed by high school students in the U.S.<ref name="Greenades">{{cite news|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/7/prweb414446.htm|title=Greenades, Marijuana Gumballs, Identified by Maryland Police, Used by High School Students|publisher=[[PR Web]]|date=[[2006-07-22]]|accessdate=2006-09-15}}</ref>

==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2;">
*[[420 (cannabis culture)]]
*[[1937 Marihuana Tax Act]]
*[[Cannabis political parties]]
*[[Emerald Triangle]]
*[[Fitz Hugh Ludlow]] ("The Hasheesh Eater")
*[[Global Marijuana March]]
*[[Head shop]]
*[[International Opium Convention]]
*[[Legality of cannabis by country]]
*[[List of cannabis strains]]
*[[Marc Emery]]
*[[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (United States)|National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]]
*[[Proposition 215]]
*[[Hemp]]
</div>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite news|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10E1FFB35580C748EDDA90994DA404482|author=Howard Markel|title=For Addicts, Relief May Be an Office Visit Away|publisher=New York Times|date=[[2002-10-27]]}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.ukcia.org/research/CannabisUseInAdolescenceAndRiskForAdultPsychosis.pdf|author=Louise Arsenault, Mary Cannon, Richie Poulton, Robin Murray, Avshalom Caspi, and Terrie E. Moffitt|title=Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longtudinal prospective study|year=2002|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=325|pages=1212 – 1213}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.ukcia.org/research/COMTgene.pdf|Author=|title=Moderation of the effect of adult-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the Catchol-O-Methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction|author=Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Mary Cannon, Joseph McClay, Robin Murray, HonaLee Harrington, Alan Taylor, Louise Arsenault, Ben Williams, Antony Braithwaite, Richie Poulton, and Ian W. Craig|year=2005|journal=Biol Psychiatry|volume=25|pages=1117 – 1127}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3561-1565337,00.html|title=One in four at risk of cannabis psychosis|first=Mark|last=Henderson|publisher=The Times|date=[[2005-04-12]]}}
* Bruce Mirken and Neel Makwana (Aston Birmingham): {{cite news|url=http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/21436/|date=[[2005-03-07]]|title=Psychosis, Hype And Baloney|publisher=AlterNet}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/108-10/correspondence.html#thc |title=Antitumor Effects of THC |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=108 |issue=10 |month=October |year=2000 |pages=Correspondence |author=James Huff and Po Chan |pmid=11097557}}
* {{cite book |title=Cannabis: A History |year=2005 |first=Martin |last=Booth |isbn=0-312-32220-8}}
* Long term impact of Cannabis use of 16 year olds {{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-113852471.html?refid=hbw_sw|date=[[2004-01-01]]|title=Long-term impact of the Gatehouse Project on Cannabis use of 16-year-olds in Australia. (Research Papers)|publisher=journal of school health}}

==External links==
{{wiktionarypar|marijuana}}
*[[wikt:Wiktionary Appendix:Cannabis Slang|Wiktionary appendix of cannabis slang]]
*[http://parentingteens.about.com/cs/marijuana/l/bldicmarijuana.htm Various slang terms for cannabis]
*[http://www.rollitup.org/ Marijuana Growing]
*[http://cannabis.com/faqs/ Comprehensive Cannabis Faqs and Marijuana information]
*[http://www.friendsofcannabis.com/ Extensive list of notable cannabis users]
*[http://www.veryimportantpotheads.com/ Debunking Myths about Marijuana Since 2002]
*[http://freemo.syncleus.com/marijuana.pdf Research paper on the effects of marijuana]
*[http://www.rxcbc.org/exd.html Cannabis overdose and misuse]
*[http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/C-38.8/SOR-2001-227/index.html Marihuana Medical Access Regulations in Canada]
*[http://www.alternet.org/story/9257/ Pot Shrinks Tumors; Government Knew in '74]
{{Cannabis resources}}
{{Cannabinoids}}



[[Category:Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants]]
[[Category:Cannabis]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

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[[eo:Kanabo]]
[[fr:Cannabis]]
[[ko:대마초]]
[[id:Ganja]]
[[is:Kannabis]]
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[[he:קנאביס]]
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{{WS}

Dronabinol

2013-07-25T15:22:19Z

Kristin Feeney: Changed protection level for "Dronabinol" ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 15:22, 25 August 2013 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 15:22, 25 August 2013 (UTC)))

:''Marinol is also a commercial name for an [[ethanol]]-based liquid fuel sold for use in [[portable stove]]s, sold under this name at least in Finland.
{{drugbox
| IUPAC_name = (−)-(6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-
6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol
| image = Marinol2.jpg
| image = Dronabinol.png
| CAS_number = 1972-08-3
| ATC_prefix = A04
| ATC_suffix = AD10
| ATC_supplemental =
| PubChem = 16078
| DrugBank = APRD00571
| C=21 | H=30 | O=2
| molecular_weight = 314.462 g/mol
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound = 97%
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_US = Schedule III
| routes_of_administration = Oral
}}
'''Marinol''', a registered trademark of [[Unimed Pharmaceuticals]], Inc. is the commercial name for a product containing dronabinol, an analog of Δ9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC). THC is a naturally occurring component in [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]].

Marinol is an [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]-approved [[cannabinoid]] and is prescribed as an appetite stimulant, primarily for [[AIDS]], [[chemotherapy]] and [[gastric bypass]] patients. Compare [[Sativex]], a mouth spray for [[neuropathic pain]] of [[multiple sclerosis]] sufferers approved for use in [[Canada]] and in the [[US]] as of 2006. While Marinol can serve as an anti-emetic and appetite booster, its immunomodulative effect should be taken into account in the treatment of any compromised immune condition.

==Comparisons to medicinal cannabis==
Marinol is known to produce side-effects similar to cannabis intoxication. Some have posited that Marinol lacks beneficial properties of cannabis, which contains more than 60 cannabinoids, including [[cannabidiol]] (CBD), thought to be the major anti-convulsant that helps multiple sclerosis patients, and [[cannabichromene]] (CBC), an [[anti-inflammatory]] which may contribute to the [[Analgesic|pain-killing]] effect of cannabis. Others have countered that the effects of all of cannabis's cannabinoids have not been completely studied and are not fully understood to be beneficial.

It takes over one hour for Marinol to reach full effect, compared to minutes for [[Cannabis smoking|smoked]] or vaporized cannabis. Some patients accustomed to inhaling just enough cannabis smoke to manage symptoms have complained of too-intense intoxication via Marinol's predetermined dosages. This powerful psychoactive effect, however, has led to recreational use of Marinol.[http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=54221] Many have said that Marinol produces a more acute psychedelic effect than cannabis and it has been speculated that this disparity can be explained by the moderating effect of the many non-THC cannibinoids present in cannabis. Mark Kleiman, director of the Drug Policy Analysis Program at UCLA's School of Public Affairs had this to say about Marinol-- "It wasn't any fun and made the user feel bad," Kleiman says, "so it could be approved without any fear that it would penetrate the recreational market, and then used as a club with which to beat back the advocates of whole cannabis as a medicine."<ref name="Respectable Reefer">{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Gary|title=Respectable Reefer|publisher=Mother Jones|date=[[2005-11-01]]|url=http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/11/Respectable_Reefer-3.html|accessdate = 2007-04-03}}</ref> United States federal law currently registers Dronabinol as a [[Schedule III]] drug, but all other Cannabis remains [[Schedule I]], except [[Nabilone]]. Some taking Marinol to manage nausea have stated that often the Marinol capsule is expelled before it can take effect. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Regulatory history==
Since at least 1986, the trend has been for THC in general, and especially the Marinol preparation, to be downgraded to less and less stringently-controlled schedules of controlled substances, in the U.S. and internationally.

On [[July 13]], [[1986]], the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) issued a Final Rule and Statement of Policy authorizing the "Rescheduling of Synthetic Dronabinol in Sesame Oil and Encapsulated in Soft Gelatin Capsules From Schedule I to Schedule II"(DEA 51 FR 17476-78). This permitted medical use of Marinol, albeit with the severe restrictions associated with Schedule II status. For instance, refills of Marinol prescriptions were not permitted. At its 1045th meeting, on [[April 29]], [[1991]], the [[Commission on Narcotic Drugs]], in accordance with article 2, paragraphs 5 and 6, of the [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]], decided that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (also referred to as delta-9-THC) and its stereochemical variants should be transferred from Schedule I to Schedule II of that Convention. This released Marinol from the restrictions imposed by Article 7 of the Convention[http://www.ukcia.org/pollaw/lawlibrary/conventiononpsychotropicsubstances1971.html].

An abstract published in the April-June 1998 issue of the [[Journal of Psychoactive Drugs]] found that "Healthcare professionals have detected no indication of scrip-chasing or doctor-shopping among the patients for whom they have prescribed dronabinol"[http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/mj017.htm]. The authors suggested that Marinol had a low potential for abuse.

In 1999, Marinol was rescheduled from Schedule II to III of the [[Controlled Substances Act]], reflecting a finding that THC had a potential for abuse less than that of [[cocaine]], and [[heroin]]. This rescheduling comprised part of the argument for a 2002 petition for [[cannabis rescheduling in the United States]], in which petitioner [[Jon Gettman]] noted, "Cannabis is a natural source of dronabinol (THC), the ingredient of Marinol™, a Schedule III drug. There are no grounds to schedule cannabis in a more restrictive schedule than Marinol™"[http://www.drugscience.org/pt/b.htm].

At its 33rd meeting, the [[World Health Organization]] Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended transferring tetrahydrocannabinol to Schedule IV of the Convention, citing its medical uses and low abuse potential. This would put THC in the Convention's least stringently-controlled Schedule.

==External links==
*http://www.marinol.com/
* [http://www.themarinol.com/ Marinol]
* [http://www.medicalmarijuanaprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-B-Subs-3.db&command=viewone&op=t&id=6&rnd=916.3616038633891 Is Marinol better medicine than marijuana?] Debate on Marinol in a pro-con format

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*Calhoun, S. R., Galloway, G. P., and Smith, D. E. (1998). Abuse potential of dronabinol (Marinol). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 30, 187-196.
*[http://www.marijuananews.com/marijuananews/cowan/dea_moves_marinol_to_schedule_th.htm DEA Moves Marinol To Schedule Three, But Leaves Marijuana in Schedule One. The Magic of Sesame Oil], [[Richard Cowan]], MarijuanaNews.Com.
*[http://www.drugscience.org/pt/b.htm Petition to Reschedule Cannabis (Marijuana) per 21 CFR §1308.44(b)], Filed [[October 9]] [[2002]] with the DEA by the [[Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis]].
{{Antiemetics and antinauseants}}
{{cannabinoids}}

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[[Category:Cannabis]]
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2013-07-24T15:01:05Z

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2013-07-24T15:00:19Z

Kristin Feeney:

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==Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content==

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] and [http://www.askdrwiki.com AskDrWiki]. Drug information for patients came from the [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ The National Library of Medicine]. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control [http://www.cdc.gov/ (CDC)]. Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.[http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/index.asp The Disease Database]; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 . <noinclude>

----

* This is an active template, please edit with care
</noinclude>

Editorial Board

2013-07-18T18:03:47Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
<center>
'''Founder and Editor-In-Chief, WikiDoc: [[User:C Michael Gibson|C. Michael Gibson, M.S.,M.D.]]'''

'''Chief Strategy Officer, WikiDoc: [[User:Jon Leibowitz|Jon Leibowitz]]'''

'''Chief Technical Officer, WikiDoc: [[User:Jacki Buros|Jacki Buros]]'''

'''Deputy Editors-In-Chief, WikiDoc:''' [[User:Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]], [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Michael Maddaleni|Michael Maddaleni, B.S.]], [[User:Aarti Narayan|Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Kalsang Dolma|Kalsang Dolma M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Charmaine Patel|Charmaine Patel, M.D.]], [[User:Shankar Kumar|Shankar Kumar, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Vishnu Vardhan Serla|Vishnu Serla, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Hardik Patel|Hardik Patel, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Maheep Sangha|Maheep Singh Sangha, M.B.B.S.]],
[[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby B.S.]]

'''WikiDoc Scholar in Cardiovascular Disease:''' [[User:Fernando Manuel Contreras Valdes|Fernando Manuel Contreras Valdes, M.D.]]
</center>
----
==English Language WikiDoc==

'''Senior Manager of Deputy Editors:'''

[[User:Charmaine Patel|Charmaine Patel M.D.]] Wiki Doc

===Anesthesia===
John Bramhall, M.D. Ph.D. Associate Medical Director, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center

Santosh Patel M.D., FRCA Consultant Anesthetist, Rochdale Infirmary / Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, UK

===Cardiology===
John Alexander, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Dominick Angiolillo, M.D. University of Florida 

Richard C. Becker, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute

Nic Chronos, M.D. Atlanta 

Paul Gurbel, M.D. Sinia, Baltimore 

Robert Harrington, M.D. Director Duke Clinical Research Institute

Mark Josephson, M.D. Chief of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

Harlan Krumholz, M.D. Yale University

Kenneth Mehaffey, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Kristin Newby, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Thach Nguyen, M.D. Indiana, USA 

Alan Niederman, M.D. Florida, USA 

Christopher O'Connor, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Duane Pinto, M.D. Direct Cardiology Fellowship Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

Jeffrey J. Popma, M.D. Harvard 

Mathew Roe, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Marv Slepian, M.D. University of Arizona 

Robert Superko, M.D Saint Joseph Hospital, Atlanta 

Alan Yeung, M.D. Chief of Cardiology, Stanford 

Peter Zimmetbaum, M.D. Chief, Clinical Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

Cafer Zorkun, M.D. Istanbul, Turkey 

===Chiropractic===

[[User:Drsjpdc | Stephen J. Press, D.C., PhD, CCSP, FACSM, FICC]] Englewood, NJ, - Exec. Tech Dir., [http://www.ourmed.org OurMed.org] 

===Emergency Medicine===

James Hoekstra, M.D. Wake Forest University 

Liudvikas Jagminas, MD, FACEP Yale University 

W. Frank Peacock, M.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation 

Ivan Rokos, M.D. UCLA - Olive View

===Gastroenterology===

Bulent Ender, M.D., Wake Gastroenterology, Raleigh, North Carolina 

Timothy Koch, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine 

===Genetics===

Charis Eng, MD, PhD, FACP Sondra J. & Stephen R. Hardis Endowed Chair of Cancer Genomic Medicine, Chair and Director, Genomic Medicine Institute, Director, Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute 

===Hematology===

David T. Teachey, M.D. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 

Robert Killeen, M.D.

===Infectious Disease===

Mark Poznansky Mbchb,Ph.D.
 Harvard 

===Nephrology===

Mark L. Zeidel, M.D. Chairman of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard

===Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders===

Timothy Koch, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine 

===Ophthalmology===
Kenneth J. Hoffer, M.D. Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, UCLA, St. Mary's Eye Center, Santa Monica, CA 

===Orthopedic Surgery & Sports Medicine===
Nicholas A. DiNubile, M.D., Havertown PA 

===Otolaryngology===
Robert M. Kellman, M.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology & Communication Sciences, SUNY -- Upstate Medical University 

===Pain Management===
Steven D. Feinberg, M.D. Adjunct Clinical Professor, Stanford University School of Medicine 

===Pediatrics===
Grover Robinson, M.D. Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

===Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery===
Martin I. Newman, M.D., F.A.C.S. Associate Program Director and Educational Director, Plastic Surgery Residency Program, Cleveland Clinic Florida Department of Plastic Surgery. 

Michel C. Samson, M.D., FRCSC, FACS Program Director, Cleveland Clinic Florida ACGME
Residency Training Program in Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinical Foundation, Florida 

Paul C. Zwiebel, M.D., D.M.D. Littleton, Colorado 

Jay Pensler, M.D. Associate Professor of Clinical Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 

===Psychiatry===
Mark J. Warren, M.D., M.P.H., Founder and Medical Director, Cleveland Center for Eating Disorder, Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 

===Pulmonary / Critical Care===
Ben deBoisblanc, M.D., Fred Allison, Jr., M.D. Professor of Medicine & Physiology Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center 

Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H., Chief, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Francis Hospital-The Heart Center, Roslyn, NY 

===Rehabilitation Medicine===
Robert G. Schwartz, M.D., Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A., Greenville, SC 

Jeff Cohen, M.D., Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine 

===Transplant Medicine===
Vijay S. Gorantla, M.D., PH.D., Assistant Professor of Surgery, Administrative Director of Pittsburgh CTA Program, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 

===Urology===

Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Surgery, Residency Program Director, Section of Urologic Oncology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic 

Joel Gelman, M.D. Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center 

===Vascular Medicine and Peripheral Arterial Intervention===
Christopher J. White, MD, FACC, FSCAI, FAHA, FESC, Chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Clinic Foundation 
----

==French Language WikiDoc==
'''Managing Editor:'''

Maryse Levacher Paris Descartes University [mailto:maryse.levacher@cch.aphp.fr]

----

==Japanese Language WikiDoc==

'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

Hisao Ogawa, M.D. Kumamoto University, Japan 
----

==Korean Language WikiDoc==

'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

Sueng Uk Lee, M.D. [mailto:cardiosu@hanmail.net] Gwangju Christian Hospital Heart Center
----

==WikiDoc Lebanon==
'''Editor-In-Chief:'''

[[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]] Lebanese American University LAU (2009- 2013)

==Turkish Language WikiDoc==

'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

{{CZ}}
----

==Vietnamese Language WikiDoc==
'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

Le Dinh Phuong, MD

Thach Nguyen, MD

Kim-Son Nguyen, MD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Editorial Board

2013-07-18T18:03:33Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
<center>
'''Founder and Editor-In-Chief, WikiDoc: [[User:C Michael Gibson|C. Michael Gibson, M.S.,M.D.]]'''

'''Chief Strategy Officer, WikiDoc: [[User:Jon Leibowitz|Jon Leibowitz]]'''

'''Chief Technical Officer, WikiDoc: [[User:Jacki Buros|Jacki Buros]]'''

'''Deputy Editors-In-Chief, WikiDoc:''' [[User:Kristin Feeney|Kristin Feeney, B.S.]], [[User:Aditya Govindavarjhulla|Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Raviteja Reddy Guddeti|Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Michael Maddaleni|Michael Maddaleni, B.S.]], [[User:Aarti Narayan|Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Kalsang Dolma|Kalsang Dolma M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Charmaine Patel|Charmaine Patel, M.D.]], [[User:Shankar Kumar|Shankar Kumar, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Vishnu Vardhan Serla|Vishnu Serla, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Daniel Nethala|Daniel Nethala, B.S.]], [[User:Esther Lee|Esther Lee, B.S.]], [[User:Hardik Patel|Hardik Patel, M.B.B.S.]], [[User:Maheep Sangha|Maheep Singh Sangha, M.B.B.S.]],
[[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby B.S.]]

'''WikiDoc Scholar in Cardiovascular Disease:''' [[User:Fernando Manuel Contreras Valdes|Fernando Manuel Contreras Valdes, M.D.]]
</center>
----
==English Language WikiDoc==

'''Senior Manager of Deputy Editors:'''

[[User:Charmaine Patel|Charmaine Patel M.D.]] Wiki Doc

===Anesthesia===
John Bramhall, M.D. Ph.D. Associate Medical Director, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center

Santosh Patel M.D., FRCA Consultant Anesthetist, Rochdale Infirmary / Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, UK

===Cardiology===
John Alexander, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Dominick Angiolillo, M.D. University of Florida 

Richard C. Becker, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute

Nic Chronos, M.D. Atlanta 

Paul Gurbel, M.D. Sinia, Baltimore 

Robert Harrington, M.D. Director Duke Clinical Research Institute

Mark Josephson, M.D. Chief of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

Harlan Krumholz, M.D. Yale University

Kenneth Mehaffey, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Kristin Newby, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Thach Nguyen, M.D. Indiana, USA 

Alan Niederman, M.D. Florida, USA 

Christopher O'Connor, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Duane Pinto, M.D. Direct Cardiology Fellowship Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

Jeffrey J. Popma, M.D. Harvard 

Mathew Roe, M.D. Duke Clinical Research Institute 

Marv Slepian, M.D. University of Arizona 

Robert Superko, M.D Saint Joseph Hospital, Atlanta 

Alan Yeung, M.D. Chief of Cardiology, Stanford 

Peter Zimmetbaum, M.D. Chief, Clinical Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

Cafer Zorkun, M.D. Istanbul, Turkey 

===Chiropractic===

[[User:Drsjpdc | Stephen J. Press, D.C., PhD, CCSP, FACSM, FICC]] Englewood, NJ, - Exec. Tech Dir., [http://www.ourmed.org OurMed.org] 

===Emergency Medicine===

James Hoekstra, M.D. Wake Forest University 

Liudvikas Jagminas, MD, FACEP Yale University 

W. Frank Peacock, M.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation 

Ivan Rokos, M.D. UCLA - Olive View

===Gastroenterology===

Bulent Ender, M.D., Wake Gastroenterology, Raleigh, North Carolina 

Timothy Koch, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine 

===Genetics===

Charis Eng, MD, PhD, FACP Sondra J. & Stephen R. Hardis Endowed Chair of Cancer Genomic Medicine, Chair and Director, Genomic Medicine Institute, Director, Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute 

===Hematology===

David T. Teachey, M.D. Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 

Robert Killeen, M.D.

===Infectious Disease===

Mark Poznansky Mbchb,Ph.D.
 Harvard 

===Nephrology===

Mark L. Zeidel, M.D. Chairman of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard

===Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders===

Timothy Koch, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine 

===Ophthalmology===
Kenneth J. Hoffer, M.D. Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, UCLA, St. Mary's Eye Center, Santa Monica, CA 

===Orthopedic Surgery & Sports Medicine===
Nicholas A. DiNubile, M.D., Havertown PA 

===Otolaryngology===
Robert M. Kellman, M.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology & Communication Sciences, SUNY -- Upstate Medical University 

===Pain Management===
Steven D. Feinberg, M.D. Adjunct Clinical Professor, Stanford University School of Medicine 

===Pediatrics===
Grover Robinson, M.D. Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

===Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery===
Martin I. Newman, M.D., F.A.C.S. Associate Program Director and Educational Director, Plastic Surgery Residency Program, Cleveland Clinic Florida Department of Plastic Surgery. 

Michel C. Samson, M.D., FRCSC, FACS Program Director, Cleveland Clinic Florida ACGME
Residency Training Program in Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinical Foundation, Florida 

Paul C. Zwiebel, M.D., D.M.D. Littleton, Colorado 

Jay Pensler, M.D. Associate Professor of Clinical Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 

===Psychiatry===
Mark J. Warren, M.D., M.P.H., Founder and Medical Director, Cleveland Center for Eating Disorder, Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 

===Pulmonary / Critical Care===
Ben deBoisblanc, M.D., Fred Allison, Jr., M.D. Professor of Medicine & Physiology Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center 

Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H., Chief, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Francis Hospital-The Heart Center, Roslyn, NY 

===Rehabilitation Medicine===
Robert G. Schwartz, M.D., Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A., Greenville, SC 

Jeff Cohen, M.D., Clinical Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University School of Medicine 

===Transplant Medicine===
Vijay S. Gorantla, M.D., PH.D., Assistant Professor of Surgery, Administrative Director of Pittsburgh CTA Program, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 

===Urology===

Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Surgery, Residency Program Director, Section of Urologic Oncology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic 

Joel Gelman, M.D. Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center 

===Vascular Medicine and Peripheral Arterial Intervention===
Christopher J. White, MD, FACC, FSCAI, FAHA, FESC, Chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ochsner Clinic Foundation 
----

==French Language WikiDoc==
'''Managing Editor:'''

Maryse Levacher Paris Descartes University [mailto:maryse.levacher@cch.aphp.fr]

----

==Japanese Language WikiDoc==

'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

Hisao Ogawa, M.D. Kumamoto University, Japan 
----

==Korean Language WikiDoc==

'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

Sueng Uk Lee, M.D. [mailto:cardiosu@hanmail.net] Gwangju Christian Hospital Heart Center
----

==WikiDoc Lebanon==
'''Editor-In-Chief:'''

[[User:Rim Halaby|Rim Halaby]] Lebanese American University LAU (2009- 2013)

==Turkish Language WikiDoc==

'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

{{CZ}}
----

==Vietnamese Language WikiDoc==
'''Editors-In-Chief:'''

Le Dinh Phuong, MD

Thach Nguyen, MD

Kim-Son Nguyen, MD, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard 

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Plantar fasciitis x ray

2013-07-11T15:49:42Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Plantar fasciitis}}
{{CMG}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Overview==
==X Ray==
X-rays may be taken to rule out other problems, but having a heel spur is not significant.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Plantar fasciitis surgery

2013-07-11T15:49:37Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Plantar fasciitis}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
==Surgery==
Surgical procedures, such as plantar fascia release, are a last resort, and often lead to further complications such as a lowering of the arch and pain in the supero-lateral side of the foot due to compression of the cuboid bone.

Recent research has indicated that an ultrasound guided needle fasciotomy is the most effective surgical intervention for Plantar Fasciitis. This is a minimally invasive procedure where a needle is inserted into the Plantar Fascia and moved back and forwards to disrupt the fibrous tissue that proliferates as a result of the chronic inflammation.

===Alternative treatments===
Plantar fasciitis and other forms of foot pain are sometimes treated in [[acupuncture]] clinics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treatment Choices for Plantar Fasciitis |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/991201ap/letters.html |author=Steinmetz M | work=Letters to the Editor |publisher=American Family Physician |date=December 1999}} - with reply by Barrett SL</ref> Although there are no large research studies, one case series on the use of [[electroacupuncture]] for treating plantar fasciitis in eleven patients found that nine reported greater than 50% reduction in pain.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Perez-Millan R, Foster L |title=Low-Frequency Electroacupuncture In The Management Of Refractory Plantar Fasciitis: A Case Series |journal=Medical Acupuncture |date=2001 |volume=13 |issue=1 |url=http://www.medicalacupuncture.com/aama_marf/journal/vol13_1/poster1.html
}} - Poster presentation</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Plantar fasciitis risk factors

2013-07-11T15:49:28Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Plantar fasciitis}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for plantar fasciitis include:

* Foot arch problems (both flat feet and high arches)
* [[Obesity]] or sudden weight gain
* Long-distance running, especially running downhill or on uneven surfaces
* Sudden weight gain
* Tight [[Achilles tendon]] (the tendon connecting the calf muscles to the heel)
* Shoes with poor arch support or soft soles

Plantar fasciitis is commonly thought of as being caused by a heel spur, but research has found that this is not the case. On x-ray, heel spurs are seen in people with and without plantar fasciitis.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Plantar fasciitis physical examination

2013-07-11T15:49:22Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Plantar fasciitis}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
==Physical Examination==
A physical exam may show:
* Tenderness on the bottom of your foot
* Flat feet or high arches
* Mild foot swelling or redness
* Stiffness or tightness of the arch in the bottom of your foot.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Plantar fasciitis pathophysiology

2013-07-11T15:48:19Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Plantar fasciitis}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Plantar fasciitis overview

2013-07-11T15:48:13Z

Kristin Feeney:

__NOTOC__
{{Plantar fasciitis}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
'''Plantar fasciitis''', formerly known as "policeman's heel", is a painful [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] condition caused by excessive wear to the [[plantar fascia]] of the [[foot]] or biomechanical faults that cause abnormal [[pronation]] of the foot.<ref name="pmid10221305">{{cite journal |author=Barrett SJ, O'Malley R |title=Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain |journal=American family physician |volume=59 |issue=8 |pages=2200-6 |year=1999 |pmid=10221305 |doi= |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2200.html}}</ref> The pain usually is felt on the underside of the [[heel]], and is often most intense with the first steps of the day. It is commonly associated with long periods of weight bearing. [[Obesity]], weight gain, jobs that require a lot of walking on hard surfaces, shoes with little or no arch support, and inactivity are also associated with the condition.

This condition often results in a heel spur on the [[calcaneus]], in which case it is the underlying condition, and not the spur itself, which produces the pain.<ref name="pmid10221305">{{cite journal |author=Barrett SJ, O'Malley R |title=Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain |journal=American family physician |volume=59 |issue=8 |pages=2200-6 |year=1999 |pmid=10221305 |doi= |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2200.html}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]

Plantar fasciitis natural history, complications and prognosis

2013-07-11T15:48:04Z

Kristin Feeney:

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{{Plantar fasciitis}}
{{CMG}}

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==Overview==
==Natural History==
==Complications==
==Prognosis==
Nonsurgical treatments almost always improve the pain. Treatment can last from several months to 2 years before symptoms get better. Most patients feel better in 9 months. Pain may continue despite treatment. Surgery has its own risks.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Inflammations|Fasciitis, plantar]]
[[Category:Diseases involving the fasciae]]
[[Category:Overuse injuries]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Podiatry]]
[[Category:Foot diseases]]
[[Category:Rheumatology]]