wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Pericarditis

2023-09-23T18:18:16Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Pericarditis resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Pericarditis resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
{{Patient}}
{{Pericarditis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Homa}}[[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]; {{CZ}}

{{SK}}[[acute pericarditis]], [[chronic pericarditis]], [[idiopathic pericarditis]], [[recurrent pericarditis]], [[chronic effusive pericarditis]], [[chronic constrictive pericarditis]], [[inflammation of the pericardium]], [[pericardial inflammation]], [[inflammation of the pericardial sac]], [[serous pericarditis]], [[purulent pericarditis]], [[hemorrhagic pericarditis]], [[fibrinous pericarditis]], [[caseous pericarditis]], [[bacterial pericarditis]], [[viral pericarditis]], [[fungal pericarditis]], [[parasitic pericarditis]], [[autoimmune pericarditis]], [[neoplastic pericarditis]], [[metabolic pericarditis]], [[traumatic pericarditis]], [[iatrogenic pericarditis]], [[drug-related pericarditis]], [[postoperative pericarditis]], [[post-operative pericarditis]], [[post-surgery pericarditis]], [[postsurgery pericarditis]], [[acute recurrent pericarditis]], [[radiation induced pericarditis]], [[radiation-induced pericarditis]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[radiation induced constrictive pericarditis]], [[children pericarditis]], [[pericarditis in children]]

== [[Pericarditis overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Pericardium|Pericardial Anatomy]] ==

== [[Pericarditis classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Pericarditis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Pericarditis causes|Causes]] ==
[[HIV]] | [[Dressler's syndrome|Post-MI]] | [[Postpericardiotomy syndrome|Post-pericardiotomy]] | [[Radiation induced pericarditis|Radiation]] | [[Tuberculous pericarditis|Tuberculosis]] | [[Uremic pericarditis|Uremia]] | [[Pericarditis in malignancy|Malignancy]]

== [[Pericarditis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pericarditis from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Pericarditis natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==
[[Pericardial effusion|Pericardial Effusion]] | [[Cardiac tamponade|Cardiac Tamponade]] | [[Constrictive pericarditis|Constrictive Pericarditis]]

==Diagnosis==
[[Pericarditis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Pericarditis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Pericarditis laboratory studies|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Pericarditis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Pericarditis EKG examples|EKG Examples]] | [[Pericarditis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Pericarditis MRI|MRI]] | [[Pericarditis CT|CT]] | [[Pericarditis echocardiography|Echocardiography]] | [[Pericarditis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]]

== Treatment ==
[[Pericarditis treatment|Medical Therapy]] | [[Pericardiocentesis]] | [[Pericardial window|Pericardial Window]] | [[Pericardial stripping|Pericardial Stripping]] | [[Treatment Related Videos]]

== Case Studies ==
[[Pericarditis case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapters ==
* [[Chylopericardium]]
* [[Congenital absence of the pericardium]]
* [[Hemopericardium]]
* [[Pneumopericardium]]
* [[Pericardial effusion]]
* [[Pericardial window]]
* [[Cardiac tamponade]]
* [[Constrictive pericarditis]]
* [[Pericardial sac]]
* [[Pericardial friction rub]]
* [[Pericardiectomy]]
* [[Pericardiocentesis]]
* [[Pericardium]]

{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

Pericarditis

2023-09-23T18:17:23Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Pericarditis resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Pericarditis resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
{{Patient}}
{{Pericarditis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Homa}}[[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]; {{CZ}}{{Homa}}

{{SK}}[[acute pericarditis]], [[chronic pericarditis]], [[idiopathic pericarditis]], [[recurrent pericarditis]], [[chronic effusive pericarditis]], [[chronic constrictive pericarditis]], [[inflammation of the pericardium]], [[pericardial inflammation]], [[inflammation of the pericardial sac]], [[serous pericarditis]], [[purulent pericarditis]], [[hemorrhagic pericarditis]], [[fibrinous pericarditis]], [[caseous pericarditis]], [[bacterial pericarditis]], [[viral pericarditis]], [[fungal pericarditis]], [[parasitic pericarditis]], [[autoimmune pericarditis]], [[neoplastic pericarditis]], [[metabolic pericarditis]], [[traumatic pericarditis]], [[iatrogenic pericarditis]], [[drug-related pericarditis]], [[postoperative pericarditis]], [[post-operative pericarditis]], [[post-surgery pericarditis]], [[postsurgery pericarditis]], [[acute recurrent pericarditis]], [[radiation induced pericarditis]], [[radiation-induced pericarditis]], [[uremic pericarditis]], [[radiation induced constrictive pericarditis]], [[children pericarditis]], [[pericarditis in children]]

== [[Pericarditis overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Pericardium|Pericardial Anatomy]] ==

== [[Pericarditis classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Pericarditis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Pericarditis causes|Causes]] ==
[[HIV]] | [[Dressler's syndrome|Post-MI]] | [[Postpericardiotomy syndrome|Post-pericardiotomy]] | [[Radiation induced pericarditis|Radiation]] | [[Tuberculous pericarditis|Tuberculosis]] | [[Uremic pericarditis|Uremia]] | [[Pericarditis in malignancy|Malignancy]]

== [[Pericarditis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Pericarditis from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Pericarditis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Pericarditis natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==
[[Pericardial effusion|Pericardial Effusion]] | [[Cardiac tamponade|Cardiac Tamponade]] | [[Constrictive pericarditis|Constrictive Pericarditis]]

==Diagnosis==
[[Pericarditis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Pericarditis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Pericarditis laboratory studies|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Pericarditis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Pericarditis EKG examples|EKG Examples]] | [[Pericarditis chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Pericarditis MRI|MRI]] | [[Pericarditis CT|CT]] | [[Pericarditis echocardiography|Echocardiography]] | [[Pericarditis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]]

== Treatment ==
[[Pericarditis treatment|Medical Therapy]] | [[Pericardiocentesis]] | [[Pericardial window|Pericardial Window]] | [[Pericardial stripping|Pericardial Stripping]] | [[Treatment Related Videos]]

== Case Studies ==
[[Pericarditis case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapters ==
* [[Chylopericardium]]
* [[Congenital absence of the pericardium]]
* [[Hemopericardium]]
* [[Pneumopericardium]]
* [[Pericardial effusion]]
* [[Pericardial window]]
* [[Cardiac tamponade]]
* [[Constrictive pericarditis]]
* [[Pericardial sac]]
* [[Pericardial friction rub]]
* [[Pericardiectomy]]
* [[Pericardiocentesis]]
* [[Pericardium]]

{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

VIPoma

2023-09-23T18:07:47Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease |
Name = VIPoma |
Image = Pancreatic vipoma.jpg|
Caption = Pancreatic vipoma. Electron microscopy of a pancreatic VIPoma. Abundant secretory granules of variable size, shape, and density in a pancreatic tumor with WDHA syndrome. Abundant PP-and a few VIP-immunoreactive cells (inset) were detected by light microscopic immunohistochemistry of the same tumor (X28.000). [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] |

}}
'''For patient information, click [[VIPoma (patient information)|here]]'''
{{VIPoma}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Homa}}{{MSI}} {{PSD}}

{{SK}} [[VIPomas]][[Watery diarrhea with hypokalemic alkalosis|; watery diarrhea with hypokalemic alkalosis]]; [[WDHA syndrome]]; [[watery diarrhea hypokalemia achlorhydria syndrome]]; [[pancreatic cholera syndrome]]; [[Verner-Morrison syndrome|Verner-Morrison syndrome;]] [[non-beta pancreatic islet cell tumor]]; [[diarrheogenic islet cell tumor]]; [[VIP-secreting tumor]]; [[vasoactive intestinal polypeptide secreting tumor]], [[pancreatic VIPoma]]

==[[VIPoma overview|Overview]]==

==[[VIPoma historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[VIPoma pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[VIPoma causes|Causes]]==

==[[VIPoma differential diagnosis|Differentiating VIPoma from other Diseases]]==

==[[VIPoma epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[VIPoma risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[VIPoma screening|Screening]]==

==[[VIPoma natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==

[[VIPoma history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[VIPoma physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[VIPoma laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[VIPoma x ray|X Ray]] | [[VIPoma CT|CT]] | [[VIPoma MRI|MRI]] | [[VIPoma echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[VIPoma other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] |
[[VIPoma other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==

[[VIPoma medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[VIPoma surgery|Surgery]] | [[VIPoma primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[VIPoma secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[VIPoma cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[VIPoma future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==

[[VIPoma case study one|Case #1]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]

Primary ciliary dyskinesia medical therapy

2021-09-23T13:02:48Z

Homa Najafi: /* Medical Therapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
There are no definite treatment options to [[cure]] Primary ciliary dyskinesia PCD, the goal is to manage associated conditions that can lead to worsening of PCD such as [[antibiotics]] for [[infections]], breathing [[exercises]], [[spirometry]] for improved lung function, and drainage of secretions.

==Medical Therapy==
There are no specific treatment options that help the cilia work appropriately, the main goal is to address underlying issues related to PCD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foundation.chestnet.org/lung-health-a-z/primary-ciliary-dyskinesia-pcd/?gclid=CjwKCAjwj8eJBhA5EiwAg3z0myubKM-nZsd5vbKogsXolsvL-rvNt0HWwtOmpWEQGRJjjkPVf2koeBoC7KIQAvD_BwE?Item=Treatment?Item=Diagnosis?Item=Diagnosis |title=Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Few treatment options are;

*[[Antibiotics]] targeted to treat [[lung]] or [[sinus]] infections
*Airway clearance techniques, including [[breathing]] and [[coughing]] exercises like incentive spirometry and chest physiotherapy to maintain clear airways to avoid super-infections.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia CT scan

2021-09-23T12:57:20Z

Homa Najafi: /* CT scan */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
Patients with [[primary ciliary dyskinesia]] (PKD) present with [[bronchiectasis]] or [[chronic sinusitis]] as the initial presentation which in turn leads to further testing and establishing a diagnosis. A High-resolution CT scan is the most sensitive imaging test to [[diagnose]] [[bronchiectasis]] but it can not differentiate between different aetiologies as [[bronchiectasis]] due to PCD vs [[Cystic fibrosis]]. [[High Resolution CT|HRCT]] can also interpret [[dextrocardia]] if present. If a chest [[X-ray]] in any patient is suspicious of [[bronchiectasis]] [[HRCT]] should be performed to rule out [[PCD]].

==CT scan==

*The most sensitive imaging modality to [[diagnose]] [[bronchiectasis]] is [[high-resolution CT]] [[HRCT]] however, [[HRCT]] cannot distinguish [[bronchiectasis]] due to PCD vs other [[etiologies]] such as [[idiopathic]], [[cystic fibrosis]] CF, post-infectious, etc. There are disease distributions that may support specific diseases For example; PCD may be linked to [[bronchiectasis]] with predilection in the middle and l[[Lobe (anatomy)|ower lobes]], as compared with CF, which usually involves the upper lobes.Mild lung disease may start earlier in life, as HRCT scans of infants and children with PCD show sub-segmental [[atelectasis]], [[Peribronchial cuffing|peri-bronchial]] thickening, mucus plugging, the suggestion of air trapping, and ground-glass opacities.HRCT may show [[bronchiectasis]] even in infancy, and its frequency increases with age. The absence of [[Bronchiectasis CT|bronchiectasis]] on an HRCT scan of an adult basically excludes PCD from the differential.<ref name="pmid25826585">{{cite journal| author=Lobo J, Zariwala MA, Noone PG| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia. | journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med | year= 2015 | volume= 36 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-79 | pmid=25826585 | doi=10.1055/s-0035-1546748 | pmc=4873960 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25826585 }} </ref><ref>High-resolution CT of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.Kennedy MP, Noone PG, Leigh MW, Zariwala MA, Minnix SL, Knowles MR, Molina PLAJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 May; 188(5):1232-8.</ref><ref>Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the pediatric population: range and severity of radiological findings in a cohort of patients receiving tertiary care.Jain K, Padley SP, Goldstraw EJ, Kidd SJ, Hogg C, Biggart E, Bush AClin Radiol. 2007 Oct; 62(10):986-93.</ref>
*[[Dextrocardia]] if present on CT chest could be demonstrated as well and necessitates further testing.

==CT Para nasal sinuses==
CT scan of the sinuses may show changes associated with [[chronic sinusitis]] with opacification and [[polyps]] in some cases.
==CT Chest Bronchiectasis==
|[[File:Cystic-bronchiectasis-3.jpg|left|400px]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]

Primary ciliary dyskinesia diagnostic study of choice

2021-09-23T12:51:05Z

Homa Najafi: /* Study of choice */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
A high level of suspicion is required to warrant early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate management before irreversible lung damage ensues. Diagnostic investigations are complex, requiring expensive arrangements and an experienced team of clinicians and scientists. People with persistent respiratory symptoms such as [[rhinitis]], [[Rhinosinusitis|rhino-sinusitis]], [[infertility]], recurren[[Otitis media|t otitis media]] should seek medical care and undergo further testing. Nasal [[nitric oxide]] levels are low in PCD and should be performed as a [[screening test]]. [[Transmission electron microscopy]] to assess the [[ultrastructure]] of [[cilia]] is another important investigation that can confirm the diagnosis.

==Diagnostic Study of Choice==

===Study of choice===
There is no single diagnostic test for primary ciliary dyskinesia. A combination of the following techniques could contribute to the [[diagnosis]] of Primary ciliary dyskinesia.<ref name="pmid24771309">{{cite journal| author=Lucas JS, Burgess A, Mitchison HM, Moya E, Williamson M, Hogg C | display-authors=etal| title=Diagnosis and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2014 | volume= 99 | issue= 9 | pages= 850-6 | pmid=24771309 | doi=10.1136/archdischild-2013-304831 | pmc=4145427 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24771309 }} </ref>
*Nasal [[nitric oxide]] test (nNo)
*Assessment of ciliary ultrastructure by Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), [[Gold standard (test)|Gold standard]].
*Ciliary beat frequency CBF and Ciliary beat pattern CBP.
*Radio-aerosol MCC
*Direct video cinematography or oscillography to analyse ciliary beat waveform.
*Bronchial [[Biopsy|ciliary biopsy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1002319-workup#c7 |title=Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Electron microscopy]] [[Tomography|Tomography.]]
*[[Semen analysis]].

=====Sequence of Diagnostic Studies=====
[[Electron microscopy]] should be performed when standard microscopy fails to establish the diagnosis. Repeat testing is often required as most tests are inconclusive.

===Name of Diagnostic Criteria===
Candidates presenting with any of the following should be tested to rule out PCD,

*[[Situs inversus]] with [[respiratory]] or [[nasal]] symptoms
*[[Neonates]] born with [[respiratory distress]] of unknown origin
*A Sibling with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD ) or a daily life-long wet cough
*If suspecting [[cystic fibrosis]], also discuss testing for PCD especially if [[rhinitis]], [[Sinusitis|sinusitis,]] or glue ear symptoms are present.
*[[Bronchiectasis]] of unknown [[Etiology|etiology.]]
*Serous [[otitis media]] in association with upper and lower respiratory disease.
*[[Cardiac disease]] associated with heterotaxy.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia screening

2021-09-23T12:48:22Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==

There is insufficient [[evidence]] to recommend routine [[screening]] for primary ciliary dyskinesia, however patients with persistent [[sinusitis]], [[rhinitis]], and no known [[etiology]] should be screened by [[Nitric oxide|nasal nitric oxide test]], low levels of nasal [[nitric oxide]] is diagnostic of primary ciliary dyskinesia and should prompt further testing with [[biopsy]] and ciliary beat pattern(CBP).

==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[screening]] for [[primary ciliary dyskinesia]], however patients with persistent [[sinusitis]], [[rhinitis]], and no known [[etiology]] should be screened by nasal [[nitric oxide]] test, low levels of nasal [[nitric oxide]] is [[diagnostic]] of primary ciliary dyskinesia and should prompt further testing with [[biopsy]] and ciliary beat pattern(CBP).

*Nasal nitric oxide test is more reliable in children above 5 years old and in adults because of difficult techniques and interpretation.
*Saccharine test is performed to assess transport in the nose and [[mucociliary clearance]].<ref name="pmid/10.1080/01913120590951220">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=/10.1080/01913120590951220 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia screening

2021-09-23T12:44:43Z

Homa Najafi: /* Screening */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==

There is insufficient [[evidence]] to recommend routine [[screening]] for primary ciliary dyskinesia, however patients with persistent [[sinusitis]], [[rhinitis]], and no known [[etiology]] should be screened by [[Nitric oxide|nasal nitric oxide test]], low levels of nasal [[nitric oxide]] is diagnostic of primary ciliary dyskinesia and should prompt further testing with [[biopsy]] and ciliary beat pattern(CBP).

==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine [[screening]] for [[primary ciliary dyskinesia]], however patients with persistent [[sinusitis]], [[rhinitis]], and no known [[etiology]] should be screened by nasal [[nitric oxide]] test, low levels of nasal [[nitric oxide]] is [[diagnostic]] of primary ciliary dyskinesia and should prompt further testing with [[biopsy]] and ciliary beat pattern(CBP).

*Nasal nitric oxide test is more reliable in children above 5 years old and in adults because of difficult techniques and interpretation.
*Saccharine test is performed to assess transport in the nose and [[mucociliary clearance]].<ref name="pmid/10.1080/01913120590951220">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=/10.1080/01913120590951220 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.medscape.com/answers/299299-121847/which-tests-are-performed-for-primary-ciliary-dyskinesia-kartagener-syndrome-screening |title=Which tests are performed for primary ciliary dyskinesia (Kartagener syndrome) screening? |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia differential diagnosis

2021-09-23T12:42:39Z

Homa Najafi: /* References */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Primary ciliary dyskinesia]]
Template:Atherosclerosis
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
[[Primary ciliary dyskinesia]] must be differentiated from other conditions that cause [[infertility]], [[sinusitis]], [[otitis media]], and [[rhinitis]].

==Differentiating Primary ciliary dyskinesia from other Diseases==
primary ciliary dyskinesia should be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[rhinosinusitis]], [[otitis media]], and [[infertility]].

*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency]]
*[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]].
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
*[[Immunosuppression]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=GB&Expert=244 |title=Orphanet: Primary ciliary dyskinesia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin-test/ |title=Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001602-overview |title=Cystic Fibrosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aspergillosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369623 |title=Aspergillosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
|
| colspan="4" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
|-
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
|
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Age Of Onset
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |nasal discharge
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |cough
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |wheeze
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |jaundice
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Xray chest
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cystic fibrosis.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Infancy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,
Peri bronchial thickening
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not indicated.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Genotyping
CFTR gene mutation.

Sweat chloride test.
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
*Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

40-50
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

decreased AAT levels
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyper lucency in lungs.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blood test.
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Allergic Broncho pulmonary aspergillosis.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |40-50
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Eosinophilia.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Round mass with air-crescent sign.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Aspergilloma on CT chest.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Sputum analysis.
Lung biopsy for fungal culture
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Diseases
!cough
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |nasal discharge
!
!wheeze
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
!Lab 1
!X-ray
!CT scan
|'''Gold standard'''
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Immunodeficiency.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia differential diagnosis

2021-09-23T12:42:25Z

Homa Najafi: /* Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Primary ciliary dyskinesia]]
Template:Atherosclerosis
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
[[Primary ciliary dyskinesia]] must be differentiated from other conditions that cause [[infertility]], [[sinusitis]], [[otitis media]], and [[rhinitis]].

==Differentiating Primary ciliary dyskinesia from other Diseases==
primary ciliary dyskinesia should be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[rhinosinusitis]], [[otitis media]], and [[infertility]].

*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency]]
*[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]].
*[[Foreign body aspiration]]
*[[Immunosuppression]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=GB&Expert=244 |title=Orphanet: Primary ciliary dyskinesia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/alpha-1-antitrypsin-test/ |title=Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Test: MedlinePlus Medical Test |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001602-overview |title=Cystic Fibrosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aspergillosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369623 |title=Aspergillosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
|
| colspan="4" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
|-
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
|
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Age Of Onset
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |nasal discharge
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |cough
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |wheeze
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |jaundice
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Xray chest
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cystic fibrosis.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Infancy
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyperinflation,
Peri bronchial thickening
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not indicated.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Genotyping
CFTR gene mutation.

Sweat chloride test.
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |
*Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

40-50
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

_
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

decreased AAT levels
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hyper lucency in lungs.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |

-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blood test.
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Allergic Broncho pulmonary aspergillosis.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |40-50
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Eosinophilia.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Round mass with air-crescent sign.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Aspergilloma on CT chest.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Sputum analysis.
Lung biopsy for fungal culture
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Diseases
!cough
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |nasal discharge
!
!wheeze
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
!Lab 1
!X-ray
!CT scan
|'''Gold standard'''
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Immunodeficiency.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia historical perspective

2021-09-23T12:38:15Z

Homa Najafi: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
In 1981, Rossman and coworkers came up with the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with Kartagener syndrome had cilia that were not immotile but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern.

==Historical Perspective==

===Discovery===
In 1981, Rossman and coworkers came up with the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with [[Kartagener syndrome]] had [[cilia]] that were not [[Immotile cilia|immotile]] but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern. According to recent nomenclature, all [[congenital]] ciliary dyskinesias are classified as primary to differentiate it from [[acquired]] ciliary dyskinesia. Studies suggest that PCD is still underdiagnosed and that factors contributing to this may include lack of identification of the clinical presentation, lack of diagnostic centers, and patients that have a normal ultrastructure of cilia on transmission electron microscopy. PCD patients were initially explained by KARTAGENER and STUCKI who noted the familial occurrence of chronic sinusitis, situs inversus and bronchiectasis. In 1976, later AFZELIUS noted the relationship between chronic respiratory problems, male sterility, situs inversus, immotile cilia, and abnormal ciliary ultrastructure. It was discovered afterward that the same clinical phenotype was also seen in patients whose cilia were motile but dyskinetic and the name of the condition changed from “immotile cilia syndrome” to “primary ciliary dyskinesia”.<ref name="pmid6115234">{{cite journal| author=Sleigh MA| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1981 | volume= 2 | issue= 8244 | pages= 476 | pmid=6115234 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90811-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6115234 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23234452">{{cite journal| author=Bush A, Hogg C| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia: recent advances in epidemiology, diagnosis, management and relationship with the expanding spectrum of ciliopathy. | journal=Expert Rev Respir Med | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 663-82 | pmid=23234452 | doi=10.1586/ers.12.60 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23234452 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia historical perspective

2021-09-23T12:37:55Z

Homa Najafi: /* References */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
n 1981, Rossman and coworkers came up with the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with Kartagener syndrome had cilia that were not immotile but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern.

==Historical Perspective==

===Discovery===
In 1981, Rossman and coworkers came up with the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with [[Kartagener syndrome]] had [[cilia]] that were not [[Immotile cilia|immotile]] but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern. According to recent nomenclature, all [[congenital]] ciliary dyskinesias are classified as primary to differentiate it from [[acquired]] ciliary dyskinesia. Studies suggest that PCD is still underdiagnosed and that factors contributing to this may include lack of identification of the clinical presentation, lack of diagnostic centers, and patients that have a normal ultrastructure of cilia on transmission electron microscopy. PCD patients were initially explained by KARTAGENER and STUCKI who noted the familial occurrence of chronic sinusitis, situs inversus and bronchiectasis. In 1976, later AFZELIUS noted the relationship between chronic respiratory problems, male sterility, situs inversus, immotile cilia, and abnormal ciliary ultrastructure. It was discovered afterward that the same clinical phenotype was also seen in patients whose cilia were motile but dyskinetic and the name of the condition changed from “immotile cilia syndrome” to “primary ciliary dyskinesia”.<ref name="pmid6115234">{{cite journal| author=Sleigh MA| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1981 | volume= 2 | issue= 8244 | pages= 476 | pmid=6115234 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90811-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6115234 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23234452">{{cite journal| author=Bush A, Hogg C| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia: recent advances in epidemiology, diagnosis, management and relationship with the expanding spectrum of ciliopathy. | journal=Expert Rev Respir Med | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 663-82 | pmid=23234452 | doi=10.1586/ers.12.60 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23234452 }} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Primary ciliary dyskinesia historical perspective

2021-09-23T12:37:13Z

Homa Najafi: /* Historical Perspective */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==
n 1981, Rossman and coworkers came up with the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with Kartagener syndrome had cilia that were not immotile but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern.

==Historical Perspective==

===Discovery===
In 1981, Rossman and coworkers came up with the term primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) because some patients with [[Kartagener syndrome]] had [[cilia]] that were not [[Immotile cilia|immotile]] but exhibited an uncoordinated and inefficient movement pattern. According to recent nomenclature, all [[congenital]] ciliary dyskinesias are classified as primary to differentiate it from [[acquired]] ciliary dyskinesia. Studies suggest that PCD is still underdiagnosed and that factors contributing to this may include lack of identification of the clinical presentation, lack of diagnostic centers, and patients that have a normal ultrastructure of cilia on transmission electron microscopy. PCD patients were initially explained by KARTAGENER and STUCKI who noted the familial occurrence of chronic sinusitis, situs inversus and bronchiectasis. In 1976, later AFZELIUS noted the relationship between chronic respiratory problems, male sterility, situs inversus, immotile cilia, and abnormal ciliary ultrastructure. It was discovered afterward that the same clinical phenotype was also seen in patients whose cilia were motile but dyskinetic and the name of the condition changed from “immotile cilia syndrome” to “primary ciliary dyskinesia”.<ref name="pmid6115234">{{cite journal| author=Sleigh MA| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia. | journal=Lancet | year= 1981 | volume= 2 | issue= 8244 | pages= 476 | pmid=6115234 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90811-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6115234 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23234452">{{cite journal| author=Bush A, Hogg C| title=Primary ciliary dyskinesia: recent advances in epidemiology, diagnosis, management and relationship with the expanding spectrum of ciliopathy. | journal=Expert Rev Respir Med | year= 2012 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 663-82 | pmid=23234452 | doi=10.1586/ers.12.60 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23234452 }} </ref>

==References==

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
<references />

Primary ciliary dyskinesia CT scan

2021-09-17T15:09:18Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

==CT scan==

*The most sensitive imaging modality to diagnose bronchiectasis is high-resolution CT HRCT however, HRCT cannot distinguish bronchiectasis due to PCD vs other etiologies such as idiopathic, cystic fibrosis CF, post-infectious, etc. There are disease distributions that may support specific diseases For example; PCD may be linked to bronchiectasis with predilection in the middle and lower lobes, as compared with CF, which usually involves the upper lobes.Mild lung disease may start earlier in life, as HRCT scans of infants and children with PCD show sub-segmental atelectasis, peri-bronchial thickening, mucus plugging, the suggestion of air trapping, and ground-glass opacities.HRCT may show bronchiectasis even in infancy, and its frequency increases with age. The absence of bronchiectasis on an HRCT scan of an adult basically excludes PCD from the differential.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873960/ |title=Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>High-resolution CT of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.Kennedy MP, Noone PG, Leigh MW, Zariwala MA, Minnix SL, Knowles MR, Molina PLAJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 May; 188(5):1232-8.</ref><ref>Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the pediatric population: range and severity of radiological findings in a cohort of patients receiving tertiary care.Jain K, Padley SP, Goldstraw EJ, Kidd SJ, Hogg C, Biggart E, Bush AClin Radiol. 2007 Oct; 62(10):986-93.</ref>
*Dextrocardia if present on CT chest could be demonstrated as well and necessitates further testing.

==CT Para nasal sinuses==
CT scan of the sinuses may show changes associated with chronic sinusitis with opacification and polyps in some cases.
|[[File:Cystic-bronchiectasis-3.jpg|left|400px]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]

Primary ciliary dyskinesia CT scan

2021-09-17T15:05:53Z

Homa Najafi: /* CT Para nasal sinuses */

__NOTOC__
{{Primary ciliary dyskinesia}}

{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Hafsa}}

==Overview==

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

==CT scan==

*The most sensitive imaging modality to diagnose bronchiectasis is high-resolution CT HRCT however, HRCT cannot distinguish bronchiectasis due to PCD vs other etiologies such as idiopathic, cystic fibrosis CF, post-infectious, etc. There are disease distributions that may support specific diseases For example; PCD may be linked to bronchiectasis with predilection in the middle and lower lobes, as compared with CF, which usually involves the upper lobes.Mild lung disease may start earlier in life, as HRCT scans of infants and children with PCD show sub-segmental atelectasis, peri-bronchial thickening, mucus plugging, the suggestion of air trapping, and ground-glass opacities.HRCT may show bronchiectasis even in infancy, and its frequency increases with age. The absence of bronchiectasis on an HRCT scan of an adult basically excludes PCD from the differential.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4873960/ |title=Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref>High-resolution CT of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.Kennedy MP, Noone PG, Leigh MW, Zariwala MA, Minnix SL, Knowles MR, Molina PLAJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007 May; 188(5):1232-8.</ref><ref>Primary ciliary dyskinesia in the pediatric population: range and severity of radiological findings in a cohort of patients receiving tertiary care.Jain K, Padley SP, Goldstraw EJ, Kidd SJ, Hogg C, Biggart E, Bush AClin Radiol. 2007 Oct; 62(10):986-93.</ref>
*Dextrocardia if present on CT chest could be demonstrated as well and necessitates further testing.

==CT Para nasal sinuses==
CT scan of the sinuses may show changes associated with chronic sinusitis with opacification and polyps in some cases.

|[[File:Cystic-bronchiectasis-3.jpg|thumb|400px]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pediatric]]

Personality disorder diagnostic study of choice

2021-09-13T14:07:49Z

Homa Najafi: /* Diagnostic Criteria */

__NOTOC__
{{Personality disorder}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Ayesha}}
== Overview ==
The diagnosis of [[personality disorder]] is intricate as most patients present with symptoms related to [[depression]] and [[anxiety]], and many times, two or more personality disorders co-exist. Also, an overlap in certain personality characteristics among different personality disorders. Therefore, the diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a specific criterion after a complete evaluation of [[cognitive]], behavioral, interpersonal, and social features in an individual. [[DSM-5]] and [[ICD-10]] criteria are usually employed for this purpose.

== Diagnostic Criteria ==
*In [[DSM-5]], the following criteria must be met:<ref>{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association,American Psychiatric Association | location = Arlington, VA Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-89042-555-8 }}</ref>
**A persistent and enduring pattern of behavior and traits that do not comply with one's culture involving ≥ 2 of the following: [[cognition]] (ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, or events), [[affectivity]] (degree or range of a person's emotional response), [[interpersonal functioning]] and [[impulse]] control.
**This maladaptive pattern causes significant distress and impaired responses in social, occupational, and other areas.
**The onset is in early adolescence or early adulthood, and hence, the duration of symptoms is long.
**The symptoms should be present for greater than one year if age is less than 18 years, and for [[antisocial]] PD, age should be greater than 18 years.
**The symptomatology cannot be explained with any other [[psychological]] or [[neurological]] abnormality, and [[substance abuse disorders]] have been ruled out.
*In [[ICD-10]], World Health Organization (WHO) lists the following criteria:
**The deeply engrained and enduring pattern of behavioral tendencies in various aspects of personality, including [[affectivity]], [[impulse control]], [[arousal]], [[perception ]] and [[thinking]], and style of relating to others, producing personal and social disruption.
**The PDs may co-exist with other [[mental disorders]]; however, the behavior is continuous and not limited to episodes of mental illness.
**The inflexible attitude started in adolescence or early adulthood and diagnosed later in life.
**It is of long duration and follows a stable course.
**The symptoms are responsible for considerable personal distress and significant [[social impairment]].

At least 3 of these criteria must be met, and [[ICD-10]] adds that 'for different cultures, it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regards to social norms, rules, and obligations.'<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Personality disorder diagnostic study of choice

2021-09-13T14:03:23Z

Homa Najafi: /* Diagnostic Criteria */

__NOTOC__
{{Personality disorder}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Ayesha}}
== Overview ==
The diagnosis of [[personality disorder]] is intricate as most patients present with symptoms related to [[depression]] and [[anxiety]], and many times, two or more personality disorders co-exist. Also, an overlap in certain personality characteristics among different personality disorders. Therefore, the diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a specific criterion after a complete evaluation of [[cognitive]], behavioral, interpersonal, and social features in an individual. [[DSM-5]] and [[ICD-10]] criteria are usually employed for this purpose.

== Diagnostic Criteria ==
*In [[DSM-5]], the following criteria must be met:{{cite book | last = LastName | first = FirstName | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association,American Psychiatric Association | location = Arlington, VA Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-0-89042-555-8 }}
**A persistent and enduring pattern of behavior and traits that do not comply with one's culture involving ≥ 2 of the following: [[cognition]] (ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, or events), [[affectivity]] (degree or range of a person's emotional response), [[interpersonal functioning]] and [[impulse]] control.
**This maladaptive pattern causes significant distress and impaired responses in social, occupational, and other areas.
**The onset is in early adolescence or early adulthood, and hence, the duration of symptoms is long.
**The symptoms should be present for greater than one year if age is less than 18 years, and for [[antisocial]] PD, age should be greater than 18 years.
**The symptomatology cannot be explained with any other [[psychological]] or [[neurological]] abnormality, and [[substance abuse disorders]] have been ruled out.
*In [[ICD-10]], World Health Organization (WHO) lists the following criteria:
**The deeply engrained and enduring pattern of behavioral tendencies in various aspects of personality, including [[affectivity]], [[impulse control]], [[arousal]], [[perception ]] and [[thinking]], and style of relating to others, producing personal and social disruption.
**The PDs may co-exist with other [[mental disorders]]; however, the behavior is continuous and not limited to episodes of mental illness.
**The inflexible attitude started in adolescence or early adulthood and diagnosed later in life.
**It is of long duration and follows a stable course.
**The symptoms are responsible for considerable personal distress and significant [[social impairment]].

At least 3 of these criteria must be met, and [[ICD-10]] adds that 'for different cultures, it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regards to social norms, rules, and obligations.'<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Personality disorder epidemiology and demographics

2021-09-13T13:59:35Z

Homa Najafi: /* Epidemiology and Demographics */

__NOTOC__
{{Personality disorder}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}

==Overview==
Worldwide pooled [[prevalence]] of [[personality disorder]] as found by [[meta-analysis]] of studies conducted from 21 countries is 7.8%. Global rates of cluster-A PD is 3.8%, [[Cluster B|cluster-B]] is 2.8% and cluster-C PD is 5% <ref name="pmid31298170">{{cite journal| author=Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP | display-authors=etal| title=The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Psychiatry | year= 2020 | volume= 216 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=31298170 | doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31298170 }} </ref>. In United States (US), it is around 10%, with major disease burden contributed by [[obsessive-compulsive]] PD followed by [[narcissist]] and [[borderline PD]]. In the rest of countries, it varies <ref name="pmid21637629">{{cite journal| author=Sansone RA, Sansone LA| title=Personality disorders: a nation-based perspective on prevalence. | journal=Innov Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 13-8 | pmid=21637629 | doi= | pmc=3105841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21637629 }} </ref>. OCD is twice common in females than males and 75% of individuals diagnosed with BPD are females. No sex predilection is found with rest. [[Narcissist PD]] is found in 20% of military personals, 17% first-year medical students and 6% [[forensic]] population.

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===

The [[prevalence]] of personality disorder in the general community was largely unknown until surveys starting from the 1990s. In 2008 the [[median]] rate of diagnosable PD was estimated at 10.6%, based on six major studies across three nations. This rate of around one in ten, especially as associated with high use of services, is described as a major [[public health]] concern requiring attention by researchers and [[clinicians]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenzenweger|first=Mark F.|title=Epidemiology of Personality Disorders|journal=Psychiatric Clinics of North America|year=2008|volume=31|issue=3|pages=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.003|pmid=18638642}}</ref>. According to the [[National Co-morbidity Study Replication]] (NCS-R), the [[prevalence]] of personality disorders in 18 years and older in the last year was 9.1%. It was a nationally conducted household survey between 2001-2003. <ref name="urlNIMH » Personality Disorders">{{cite web |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/personality-disorders |title=NIMH » Personality Disorders |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>.

The [[prevalence]] of individual [[personality disorders]] ranges from about 2% to 3% for the more common varieties, such as [[Schizotypal personality disorder|schizotypal]], [[Antisocial personality disorder|antisocial]], [[Borderline personality disorder|borderline]], and [[Histrionic personality disorder|histrionic]], to 0.5–1% for the least common, such as [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] and [[Avoidant personality disorder|avoidant]].

A screening survey across 13 countries by the [[World Health Organization]] using [[DSM-IV]] criteria, reported in 2009 a prevalence estimate of around 6% for [[personality disorders]]. The rate sometimes varied with [[demographic]] and [[socioeconomic]] factors, and functional impairment was partly explained by co-occurring [[mental disorders]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=Y.|coauthors=Kotov, R., de Girolamo, G., Preti, A., Angermeyer, M., Benjet, C., Demyttenaere, K., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Karam, A. N., Lee, S., Lepine, J. P., Matschinger, H., Posada-Villa, J., Suliman, S., Vilagut, G., Kessler, R. C.|title=DSM-IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|date=30 June 2009|volume=195|issue=1|pages=46–53|doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058552|pmid=19567896|pmc=2705873}}</ref> In the US, screening data from the [[National Comorbidity Survey|National Comorbidity Survey Replication]] between 2001 and 2003, combined with interviews of a subset of respondents, indicated a population prevalence of around 9% for personality disorders in total. Functional disability associated with the diagnoses appeared to be largely due to co-occurring mental disorders ([[Axis I]] in the [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]]).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lenzenweger|first=Mark F.|coauthors=Lane, Michael C., Loranger, Armand W., Kessler, Ronald C.|title=DSM-IV Personality Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication|journal=Biological Psychiatry|year=2006|volume=62|issue=6|pages=553–564|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019|pmid=17217923|pmc=2044500}}</ref>. According to the [[National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions]] (NESARC), the most common PD in US is [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder|Obsessive-compulsive]] PD which is 7.9% followed by [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] 6.2% and boderline PD 5.9%. <ref name="pmid21637629">{{cite journal| author=Sansone RA, Sansone LA| title=Personality disorders: a nation-based perspective on prevalence. | journal=Innov Clin Neurosci | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 13-8 | pmid=21637629 | doi= | pmc=3105841 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21637629 }} </ref>

A [[meta-analysis]] conducted to calculate global [[prevalence]] of personality disorders in 2020 by Winsper et al. revealed the worldwide pooled prevalence to be around 7.8%. <ref name="pmid31298170">{{cite journal| author=Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP | display-authors=etal| title=The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal=Br J Psychiatry | year= 2020 | volume= 216 | issue= 2 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=31298170 | doi=10.1192/bjp.2019.166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31298170 }} </ref>.

The studies regarding [[epidemiology]] of individual types of PDs are lacking. According to [[National Institute of Health]] (NIH), the [[point prevalence]] of BPD is 1.6% and lifetime [[prevalence]] is 5.9%. <ref name="pmid17217923">{{cite journal| author=Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, Kessler RC| title=DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2007 | volume= 62 | issue= 6 | pages= 553-64 | pmid=17217923 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.019 | pmc=2044500 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17217923 }} </ref> The data by NESARC revealed no difference in gender for prevalence of BPD. The prevalence of [[Paranoid personality disorder|paranoid]] in US ranges between 2.3-4.4% and more common in males. <ref name="urltule.pw">{{cite web |url=https://tule.pw/hihy.pdf |title=tule.pw |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> The 2004-2005 Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions demonstrated that the prevalence of [[Schizotypal personality disorder|schizotypal]] PD to be around 3.9% with greater rate in [[males]] as compared to [[females]]. <ref name="pmid19617934">{{cite journal| author=Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. | journal=Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 53-67 | pmid=19617934 | doi=10.4088/pcc.08m00679 | pmc=2707116 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19617934 }} </ref>. For [[Narcissistic Personality Disorder|Narcissistic]] PD, the prevalence was found to be 6.2% in US people aged 18 years and above with higher rates for [[male]] population. <ref name="pmid18557663">{{cite journal| author=Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, Smith SM | display-authors=etal| title=Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. | journal=J Clin Psychiatry | year= 2008 | volume= 69 | issue= 7 | pages= 1033-45 | pmid=18557663 | doi=10.4088/jcp.v69n0701 | pmc=2669224 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18557663 }} </ref>.

The prevalence of PDs according to NCS and NESARC are summarised as follows: <ref name="pmid20695803">{{cite journal| author=Trull TJ, Jahng S, Tomko RL, Wood PK, Sher KJ| title=Revised NESARC personality disorder diagnoses: gender, prevalence, and comorbidity with substance dependence disorders. | journal=J Pers Disord | year= 2010 | volume= 24 | issue= 4 | pages= 412-26 | pmid=20695803 | doi=10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.412 | pmc=3771514 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20695803 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center" |'''Prevalence of personality disorders'''
|-
!Type of personality disorder
!NCS
!NESARC
|-
|-
|Paranoid personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''1.9'''
|-
|Schizoid personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''0.6'''
|-
|Schizotypal personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''0.6'''
|-
|Antisocial personality disorder
|'''0.6'''
|'''3.8'''
|-
|Borderline personality disorder
|'''1.4'''
|'''2.7'''
|-
|Histrionic personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''0.3'''
|-
|Narcissistic personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''1.0'''
|-
|Avoidant personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''1.2'''
|-
|Dependent personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''0.3'''
|-
|Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
|'''-'''
|'''1.9'''
|}

There are also some [[gender]] differences in the frequency of personality disorders. They are shown in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''Gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders'''
|-
!Type of personality disorder
!Sex
|-
|Paranoid personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|-
|Schizoid personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|-
|Schizotypal personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|-
|Antisocial personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|-
|Borderline personality disorder
|'''Female''' or '''No difference'''
|-
|Histrionic personality disorder
|'''Female'''
|-
|Narcissistic personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|-
|Avoidant personality disorder
|'''Equal'''
|-
|Dependent personality disorder
|'''Female'''
|-
|Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
|'''Male'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

Personality disorder causes

2021-09-13T13:58:19Z

Homa Najafi: /* Causes */

__NOTOC__
{{Personality disorder}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Ayesha}}
==Overview==
Causative factors associated with PDs include genetic factors with [[mutations]] in genes involving [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] pathways such as DRD2, [[COMT]], DTNBP1, DAAO, 5-HTTLPR, [[MAOA]], DRD3,[[TPH1]] and [[TPH2]] and environmental factors like stresses, parental treatment, sexual abuse and substance use.

==Causes==
A study of almost 600 male college students, averaging almost 30 years of age and who were not drawn from a [[clinical]] sample, examined the relationship between childhood experiences of sexual and [[physical abuse]] and presently reported [[personality disorder]] symptoms. Childhood abuse histories were found to be definitively associated with greater levels of symptomatology. Severity of abuse was found to be [[statistically significant]], but clinically negligible, in symptomatology variance spread over Cluster A, B and C scales.[http://www.ingentaselect.com/vl=2446665/cl=50/nw=1/rpsv/cw/sage/08862605/contp1.htm Miller and Lisak. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. June 1999]

Child abuse and neglect consistently evidence themselves as antecedent risks to the development of personality disorders in adulthood. In this particular study, efforts were taken to match retrospective reports of abuse with a clinical population that had demonstrated [[psychopathology]] from childhood to adulthood who were later found to have experienced abuse and neglect. The sexually abused group demonstrated the most consistently elevated patterns of [[psychopathology]]. Officially verified physical abuse showed an extremely strong role in the development of [[antisocial]] and impulsive behavior. On the other hand, cases of abuse of the neglectful type that created childhood pathology were found to be subject to partial [[remission]] in adulthood. Cohen, Patricia, Brown, Jocelyn, Smailes, Elizabeth. "Child Abuse and Neglect and the Development of Mental Disorders in the General Population" Development and Psychopathology. 2001. Vol 13, No 4, pp981-999. ISSN 0954-5794

In 2005, [[psychologists]] Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at the [[University of Surrey]], UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal [[psychiatric]] patients at [[Broadmoor Hospital]] in the UK. They found that three out of eleven [[personality disorders]] were actually more common in managers than in the disturbed criminals:

*[[Histrionic personality disorder]]: including superficial charm, insincerity, egocentricity and manipulation
*[[Narcissistic personality disorder]]: including grandiosity, self-focused lack of empathy for others, exploitativeness and independence.

They described the business people as successful [[psychopaths]] and the criminals as unsuccessful psychopaths. <ref>Board, B.J. & Fritzon, Katarina, F. (2005). Disordered personalities at work. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11, 17-32</ref>

===Drugs===

*[[Pergolide]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]

Personality disorder causes

2021-09-13T13:58:08Z

Homa Najafi: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Personality disorder}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Ayesha}}
==Overview==
Causative factors associated with PDs include genetic factors with [[mutations]] in genes involving [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] pathways such as DRD2, [[COMT]], DTNBP1, DAAO, 5-HTTLPR, [[MAOA]], DRD3,[[TPH1]] and [[TPH2]] and environmental factors like stresses, parental treatment, sexual abuse and substance use.

==Causes==
A study of almost 600 male college students, averaging almost 30 years of age and who were not drawn from a [[clinical]] sample, examined the relationship between childhood experiences of sexual and [[physical abuse]] and presently reported [[personality disorder]] symptoms. Childhood abuse histories were found to be definitively associated with greater levels of symptomatology. Severity of abuse was found to be [[statistically significant]], but clinically negligible, in symptomatology variance spread over Cluster A, B and C scales.[http://www.ingentaselect.com/vl=2446665/cl=50/nw=1/rpsv/cw/sage/08862605/contp1.htm Miller and Lisak. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. June 1999]

Child abuse and neglect consistently evidence themselves as antecedent risks to the development of personality disorders in adulthood. In this particular study, efforts were taken to match retrospective reports of abuse with a clinical population that had demonstrated [[psychopathology]] from childhood to adulthood who were later found to have experienced abuse and neglect. The sexually abused group demonstrated the most consistently elevated patterns of [[psychopathology]]. Officially verified physical abuse showed an extremely strong role in the development of [[antisocial]] and impulsive behavior. On the other hand, cases of abuse of the neglectful type that created childhood pathology were found to be subject to partial [[remission]] in adulthood. Cohen, Patricia, Brown, Jocelyn, Smailes, Elizabeth. "Child Abuse and Neglect and the Development of Mental Disorders in the General Population" Development and Psychopathology. 2001. Vol 13, No 4, pp981-999. ISSN 0954-5794

In 2005, [[psychologists]] Belinda Board and Katarina Fritzon at the [[University of Surrey]], UK, interviewed and gave personality tests to high-level British executives and compared their profiles with those of criminal [[psychiatric]] patients at [[Broadmoor Hospital]] in the UK. They found that three out of eleven [[personality disorders]] were actually more common in managers than in the disturbed criminals:

*[[Histrionic personality disorder]]: including superficial charm, insincerity, egocentricity and manipulation
*[[Narcissistic personality disorder]]: including grandiosity, self-focused lack of empathy for others, exploitativeness and independence.

They described the business people as successful [[psychopaths]] and the criminals as unsuccessful psychopaths. <ref>Board, B.J. & Fritzon, Katarina, F. (2005). Disordered personalities at work. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11, 17-32</ref>

===Drugs===

*[[Pergolide]]

==Cause[[inflammatory bowel disease|s]]==

*Symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

===Common Causes===
Common causes of [disease name] may include:

*[Cause1]
*[Cause2]
*[Cause3]

OR

*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of [disease name] include:

*[Cause1]
*[Cause2]
*[CauseCauses by OrganList the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*Cause 1
*Cause 2
*Cause 3
*Cause 4
*Cause 5
*Cause 6
*Cause 7
*Cause 8
*Cause 9
*Cause 10

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]

Personality disorder historical perspective

2021-09-13T13:56:36Z

Homa Najafi: /* Famous Cases */

__NOTOC__
{{Personality disorder}}

{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Ayesha}}
==Overview==
[[Personality]] defects were started to be [[recognized]] in the 18th century. Previously, all the diseases were a result of [[abnormalities]] with four [[Bodily fluids|bodily]] [[fluids]]; [[blood]], [[phlegm]], yellow [[bile]], and black [[bile]]. The changes in them were also considered responsible for [[variations]] in [[mood]]. In the 18th century [[Phillippe Pinel]] described a group of people having [[impulsive]], irrational ways and behaviors while maintaining understanding, [[perception]], judgment, and [[memory]] of the actions. This was the [[birth]] of recognition of [[personality disorders]]. In the 19th century,[[Sigmund Freud]], known as the father of [[psychology]] and his colleagues, worked on the [[psychoanalytic]] [[classification]] and [[etiology]] of [[personality]]. They related [[personality traits]] with [[childhood]] characters. He presented the [[structural theory]] that [[unconscious]] [[mental]] conflicts influence the development of [[Character (biology)|character]] and [[behavior]]. In the late 1900s, [[statistics]] was utilized to group together different definitions of [[personality]] structures. It was pioneered by [[Bernard Cattell]]. This employs a different number of dimensions to delineate [[personality]] systems. These [[Dimensional modeling|dimensional]] models lead to [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]] characterization of [[personality disorders]] according to [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]] classifications. [[DSM IV]] was established in 1994 with an [[updated version]], [[DSM IV-TR]], and uses a multiaxial approach to describe [[Psychiatric Disorders|psychiatric]] illnesses with [[axis II]] reserved for [[personality disorder]]. This multiaxial system was abolished in [[DSM 5]] and categorized the various [[disorders]] with related [[Disorder (medicine)|disorders]].

==Historical Perspective==

===Discovery===
[[Personality]] defects were started to be recognized in the 18th century. Previously, all the [[diseases]] were a result of [[abnormalities]] with four [[bodily fluids]]; [[blood]], [[phlegm]], yellow [[bile]], and black [[bile]]. The changes in them were also considered responsible for variations in [[mood]]. However, by the 18th century, [[Phillippe Pinel]] described a group of people having impulsive, irrational ways and behaviors while maintaining understanding, [[perception]], judgment, and [[memory]] of the actions. This was the [[birth]] of recognition of [[personality disorders]].

===Phrenology===
In the 18th century, the term [['phrenology']] was used to describe [[personality]] characteristics. It was believed that the origin of [[personality traits]] is from various [[facets]] in the [[cranium]]. Despite the discontinuation of the term, it remains significant as it laid the basis for the [[origin]] of PDs from the [[cerebral cortex]].

===Personality Term===
In the 19th century and early 20th century, different [[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|European]] [[psychologists]] started identifying and describing different [[personality traits]] and [[Disorder (medicine)|disorders]]. The term [[personality]] is derived from [[Greek citron|Greek]] word, [['persona,']] the mask worn in theatres in ancient times to denote a [[Character (biology)|character]] or social role. It is now used to define that aspect of the person which is discerned by other individuals.

===Freud's personality theory===
In the 1920s and 1930s, [[Sigmund Freud]], known as the father of [[psychology]] and his colleagues, worked on the [[psychoanalytic]] [[classification]] and [[etiology]] of [[personality]]. They related [[personality traits]] with childhood characters. He presented the [[structural theory]] that [[unconscious]] [[mental]] conflicts influence the [[development]] of [[Character (biology)|character]] and [[behavior]] <ref name="pmid25071640">{{cite journal| author=Boag S| title=Ego, drives, and the dynamics of internal objects. | journal=Front Psychol | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue= | pages= 666 | pmid=25071640 | doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00666 | pmc=4076885 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25071640 }} </ref>. This comprises three components of the [[brain]]; the [[id]] ([[Primitive (integral)|primitive]] urges at [[birth]]), [[ego]] (mediator that maintains a balance between id and reality), and [[superego]] (conscience and moral values). They develop at different stages in life, and the interplay among them is responsible for shaping the [[personality]] of a person. Any fixation at any stage is responsible for the improper balance of [[id]] and [[ego]] and leads to interference in the appropriate and timely [[development]] of the [[superego]]. A person is born with the [[Id, ego, and super-ego|id]] and develops [[Id, ego, and super-ego|ego]] and [[Id, ego, and super-ego|superego]] at last. This laid down the foundation for further theories and explanations of PDs; however, it lacks the interaction and influences of social, cultural, environmental, and [[genetic]] factors in posing the [[personality]] in an individual.

===Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders===
In the late 1900s, [[statistics]] was utilized to group together different definitions of [[personality]] structures. It was pioneered by [[Bernard Cattell]]. This employs a different number of dimensions to delineate personality systems. These dimensional models lead to [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]] characterization of [[personality disorders]] according to [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]] classifications.

*The first [[Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders|DSM]] was published in 1950 and it characterised all the personality disorders formally. It listed four categories of [[Psychiatric Disorders|psychiatric disorder]];
**Disturbances of pattern
**Disturbances of [[Trait (biology)|trait]]
**Disturbances of [[Drive theory (psychoanalysis)|drive]], [[control]], and relationships
**Sociopathic disturbances
*[[DSM II]] was established in 1968 and listed 10 PDs. It differs from [[DSM I]] due to the recognition stage in life being [[adolescence]], while the former states that these disorders exist lifelong. [[DSM II]] was based on concepts of [[psychoanalysis]] and [[neuroses]]. It included; inadequate, [[Paranoid personality disorder|paranoid]], [[Cyclothymic disorder|cyclothymic]], [[Schizoid personality disorder|schizoid]], [[Hysterical psychosis|hysterical]], [[Passive-aggressive personality disorder|passive-aggressive]], [[Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder|obsessive-compulsive]], explosive, [[Antisocial personality disorder|antisocial]], and [[asthenic personality disorders]].
*[[DSM III]], established in 1980, described PDs scientifically and clinically. [[DSM III]] removed the [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] concepts like [[Id, ego, and super-ego|Id]] which could not be measured and replace them with observed behaviours and [[thoughts.]] A multiaxial approach to describe [[psychiatric]] illnesses with [[axis II]] reserved for [[personality disorder]] was established. [[Schizoid personality disorder|Schizoid]] PD was split into three more sub-categories and boderline PD and [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] PD were added.
*[[DSM IV]] was established in 1994 with an updated version, [[DSM IV-TR]] in 2000. For the first time, general [[diagnostic criteria]] for any [[personality disorder]] was incorporated. This included the requirements of early onset in [[adolescence]], pervasive and unrelentless course, and prolonged duration of symptoms.
*This multiaxial system was abolished in [[DSM 5]] in 2013 and categorized the various disorders with related [[Disorder (medicine)|disorders]]. This abolishes the confusion of linking each [[personality disorder]] with the diagnosis of [[Axis 1]] disorder due to the presence of [[symptoms]] from there. <ref name="pmid24174889">{{cite journal| author=Crocq MA| title=Milestones in the history of personality disorders. | journal=Dialogues Clin Neurosci | year= 2013 | volume= 15 | issue= 2 | pages= 147-53 | pmid=24174889 | doi= | pmc=3811086 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24174889 }} </ref>. It classifies PDs into three clusters, with each containing 3-4 [[Disorder (medicine)|disorders]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Personality disorders]]
[[Category:Mental illness diagnosis by DSM and ICD]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

Immune Thrombocytopenia historical perspective

2021-09-07T13:41:05Z

Homa Najafi: /* Overview */

{{Immune Thrombocytopenia}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Maryam}}

==Overview==
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia (ITP) was first described by a German poet Paul Werlhof, in 1735. He referred to classical signs of ITP as mucosal bleeding, black and purple spots on the patient's arm, due to this description, ITP is called Werlhof's disease.In 1881, an Italian pathologist, Guilio Bizzozero was the first to discover the role of platelet in hemostasis. In 1889, George Hayem proved the association between purpura and the development of thrombocytopenia by physically counting the patient's platelet. In 1916, a medical student Paul Kasnelson developed the idea of excessive destruction of platelets by [[spleen]]. Soon he persuaded his professor Schloffer to splectomize a patient with ITP, thereafter they found outstanding increase of platelet count following splenectomy. In 1951, Harrington experiment in Missouri proved the hypothesis that a humoral factor causes [[platelet]] destruction. He exchanged [[whole blood]] of himself and a patient with chronic purpura who had the same blood group. after the exchange, the patient platelet count remained unchanged but his platelet count which was normal prior to exchange dropped to 10 x 109 /L . In 1951, an American hematologist, Maxwell Wintrobe, showed [[immunosuppressive therapy]] with [[corticosteroids]]. In 1981, Paul Imbach in Switzerland, realized the role of [[Fc receptors]] on splenic [[macrophages]] led to first successful use of intravascular immunoglobulin. In 2009, International working group (IWG) recommended standard terminology for ITP. The term " purpura" was removed from immune thrombocytopenia as many patients don't have cutaneous bleeding but ITP as shorthand for immune thrombocytopenia was redefined by IWG.

==Historical Perspective==

===Discovery===

*Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia (ITP) was first described by a German poet Paul Werlhof, in 1735. He referred to classical signs of ITP as mucosal bleeding, black and purple spots on the patient's arm, due to this description, ITP is called Werlhof's disease.
*In 1881, an Italian pathologist, Guilio Bizzozero was the first to discover the role of platelet in hemostasis.
*In 1889, George Hayem proved the association between purpura and the development of thrombocytopenia by physically counting the patient's platelet.
*In 1916, a medical student Paul Kasnelson developed the idea of excessive destruction of platelets by [[spleen]]. Soon he persuaded his professor Schloffer to splectomize a patient with ITP, thereafter they found outstanding increase of platelet count following splenectomy.
*In 1951, Harrington experiment in Missouri proved the hypothesis that a humoral factor causes [[platelet]] destruction. He exchanged [[whole blood]] of himself and a patient with chronic purpura who had the same blood group. after the exchange, the patient platelet count remained unchanged but his platelet count which was normal prior to exchange dropped to 10 x 109 /L .
*in 1951, an American hematologist, Maxwell Wintrobe, showed [[immunosuppressive therapy]] with [[corticosteroids]].
*In 1981, Paul Imbach in Switzerland, realized the role of [[Fc receptors]] on splenic [[macrophages]] led to first successful use of [[intravascular immunoglobulin]]. <ref name="Anoop2012">{{cite journal|last1=Anoop|first1=P.|title=Immune thrombocytopenic purpura: Historical perspective, current status, recent advances and future directions|journal=Indian Pediatrics|volume=49|issue=10|year=2012|pages=811–818|issn=0019-6061|doi=10.1007/s13312-012-0195-1}}</ref>
*In 2009, International working group (IWG) recommended standard terminology for ITP. The term " purpura" was removed from immune thrombocytopenia as many patients don't have cutaneous bleeding but ITP as shorthand for immune thrombocytopenia was redefined by IWG. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.026">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.026 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }}</ref>

===Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies===

===Impact on Cultural History===

===Famous Cases===
The following are a few famous cases of [disease name]:

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

2021-08-31T15:42:15Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
'''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}

{{SK}} [[Respiratory distress syndrome of new born]]; [[surfactant deficient disease]]; [[hyaline membrane disease]]; [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]].

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome overview|Overview]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome classification|Classification]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome causes|Causes]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome from other Diseases]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome screening|Screening]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome electrocardiogram |Electrocardiogram]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome medical therapy |Medical Therapy]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome interventions |Interventions]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome surgery |Surgery]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome primary prevention |Primary Prevention]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome secondary prevention |Secondary Prevention]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy |Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome future or investigational therapies |Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome case study one|Case#1]]

{{Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Atemnotsyndrom des Neugeborenen]]
[[pt:Síndrome da angústia respiratória do recém-nascido]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

2021-08-31T15:42:04Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
'''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
{{SK}} [[Respiratory distress syndrome of new born]]; [[surfactant deficient disease]]; [[hyaline membrane disease]]; [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]].

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome overview|Overview]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome classification|Classification]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome causes|Causes]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome from other Diseases]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome screening|Screening]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome electrocardiogram |Electrocardiogram]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome medical therapy |Medical Therapy]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome interventions |Interventions]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome surgery |Surgery]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome primary prevention |Primary Prevention]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome secondary prevention |Secondary Prevention]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy |Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome future or investigational therapies |Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome case study one|Case#1]]

{{Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Atemnotsyndrom des Neugeborenen]]
[[pt:Síndrome da angústia respiratória do recém-nascido]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

2021-08-31T15:33:51Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__

'''For the WikiPatient page for this topic, click [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (patient information)|here]]'''

{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}

{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}

{{SK}} [[Respiratory distress syndrome of new born]]; [[surfactant deficient disease]]; [[hyaline membrane disease]]; [[infant respiratory distress syndrome]].

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome overview|Overview]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome classification|Classification]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome causes|Causes]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome differential diagnosis|Differentiating Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome from other Diseases]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome risk factors|Risk Factors]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome screening|Screening]]==

==[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==

==Diagnosis==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome electrocardiogram |Electrocardiogram]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

==Treatment==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome medical therapy |Medical Therapy]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome interventions |Interventions]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome surgery |Surgery]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome primary prevention |Primary Prevention]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome secondary prevention |Secondary Prevention]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy |Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome future or investigational therapies |Future or Investigational Therapies]]

==Case Studies==
[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome case study one|Case#1]]

{{Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period}}

[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]

[[de:Atemnotsyndrom des Neugeborenen]]
[[pt:Síndrome da angústia respiratória do recém-nascido]]

{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

2021-08-31T15:33:36Z

Homa Najafi:

#redirect:[[Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome]]

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome medical therapy

2021-08-31T15:31:29Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR

The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

==Medical Therapy==
*Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].
*Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].
*Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].
*Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].
===Disease Name===

* '''1 Stage 1 - Name of stage'''
** 1.1 '''Specific Organ system involved 1'''
*** 1.1.1 '''Adult'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 10-21 days '''(Contraindications/specific instructions)'''
**** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14-21 days
**** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg q12h for 14-21 days
**** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days
**** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
**** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 1.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** 1.1.2.1 (Specific population e.g. '''children < 8 years of age''')
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg PO per day q8h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg PO per day in 2 divided doses (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]]10 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
****1.1.2.2 (Specific population e.g. '<nowiki/>'''''children < 8 years of age'''''')
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h（maximum, 100 mg per dose）
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
** 1.2 '''Specific Organ system involved 2'''
*** 1.2.1 '''Adult'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h
*** 1.2.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h (maximum, 500 mg per dose)

* 2 '''Stage 2 - Name of stage'''
** 2.1 '''Specific Organ system involved 1 '''
**: '''Note (1):'''
**: '''Note (2)''':
**: '''Note (3):'''
*** 2.1.1 '''Adult'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
***** Alternative regimen (3):[[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 2.1.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 2 g)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 6 g per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 18–24 million U per day) '<nowiki/>'''''(Contraindications/specific instructions)''''''
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] '''(for children aged ≥ 8 years)''' 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h 7–10 days (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 14–21 days (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h for 14–21 days (maximum,500 mg per dose)
** 2.2 '<nowiki/>'''''Other Organ system involved 2''''''
**: '''Note (1):'''
**: '''Note (2)''':
**: '''Note (3):'''
*** 2.2.1 '''Adult'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 2 g IV q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 18–24 MU/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 100 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 7–10 days
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 500 mg PO q12h for 14–21 days
***** Alternative regimen (3):[[drug name]] 500 mg PO q6h for 14–21 days
*** 2.2.2 '''Pediatric'''
**** Parenteral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50–75 mg/kg IV q24h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 2 g)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 150–200 mg/kg/day IV q6–8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 6 g per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 200,000–400,000 U/kg/day IV q4h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 18–24 million U per day)
**** Oral regimen
***** Preferred regimen (1): [[drug name]] 50 mg/kg/day PO q8h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (2): [[drug name]] 4 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 100 mg per dose)
***** Preferred regimen (3): [[drug name]] 30 mg/kg/day PO q12h for 14 (14–21) days (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (1): [[drug name]] 10 mg/kg PO q6h 7–10 days (maximum, 500 mg per day)
***** Alternative regimen (2): [[drug name]] 7.5 mg/kg PO q12h for 14–21 days (maximum, 500 mg per dose)
***** Alternative regimen (3): [[drug name]] 12.5 mg/kg PO q6h for 14–21 days (maximum,500 mg per dose)

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome interventions

2021-08-31T15:31:01Z

Homa Najafi: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}} {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}} ==Overview== There are no recommended therapeutic interventions for the management of [disease nam..."

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}

==Overview==
There are no recommended therapeutic interventions for the management of [disease name].

OR

[name of intervention] is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. [name of intervention] is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy/surgery. [Name of intervention] is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of [name of intervention] depends on the stage of [disease or malignancy] at the time of diagnosis.

OR

[Name of intervention] is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

==Indications==

The mainstay of treatment for TT is medical therapy.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome surgery

2021-08-31T15:30:21Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

==Indications==

*Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
*Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
**[Indication 1]
**[Indication 2]
**[Indication 3]
*The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
**[Indication 1]
**[Indication 2]
**[Indication 3]

==Surgery==

*The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
*Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

==Contraindications==

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome primary prevention

2021-08-31T15:29:58Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

==Primary Prevention==
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include:
*[Measure1]
*[Measure2]
*[Measure3]

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include:
*[Strategy 1]
*[Strategy 2]
*[Strategy 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome secondary prevention

2021-08-31T15:29:28Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

==Secondary Prevention==
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include:
*[Strategy 1]
*[Strategy 2]
*[Strategy 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome cost-effectiveness of therapy

2021-08-31T15:29:08Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}
==Overview==

==Cost-effectiveness of Therapy==

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome future or investigational therapies

2021-08-31T15:28:38Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}
==Overview==

==Future or Investigational Therapies==

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other diagnostic studies

2021-08-31T15:26:49Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

==Other Diagnostic Studies==

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include:
*[Diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates:
**[Finding 1]
**[Finding 2]
**[Finding 3]
*[Diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates:
**[Finding 1]
**[Finding 2]
**[Finding 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome other imaging findings

2021-08-31T15:26:27Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

==Other Imaging Findings==
There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome MRI

2021-08-31T15:26:08Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

==MRI==

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include:
*[Complication 1]
*[Complication 2]
*[Complication 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome CT scan

2021-08-31T15:25:08Z

Homa Najafi: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}} {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}} ==Overview== There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. OR [Location] CT sca..."

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}

==Overview==

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

==CT scan==

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include:
*[Complication 1]
*[Complication 2]
*[Complication 3]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome echocardiography and ultrasound

2021-08-31T15:24:52Z

Homa Najafi: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}} {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}} ==Overview== There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. OR..."

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

==Echocardiography/Ultrasound==

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include:
*[Complication 1]
*[Complication 2]
*[Complication 3]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome x ray

2021-08-31T15:24:33Z

Homa Najafi: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}} {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}} ==Overview== There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. OR An x-ray may be help..."

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

==X Ray==

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include:
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include:
*[Complication 1]
*[Complication 2]
*[Complication 3]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome electrocardiogram

2021-08-31T15:24:15Z

Homa Najafi: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}} {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}} ==Overview== There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name]. OR An ECG may be helpful i..."

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

==Electrocardiogram==

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include
*[Finding 1]
*[Finding 2]
*[Finding 3]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome laboratory findings

2021-08-31T15:23:08Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal for patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

==Laboratory Findings==

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include:
*[Abnormal test 1]
*[Abnormal test 2]
*[Abnormal test 3]

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome physical examination

2021-08-31T15:22:25Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}

==Overview==
Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

==Physical Examination==
Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.

OR

Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

===Appearance of the Patient===
*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].

===Vital Signs===

*High-grade / low-grade fever
*[[Hypothermia]] / hyperthermia may be present
*[[Tachycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
*[[Bradycardia]] with regular pulse or (ir)regularly irregular pulse
*Tachypnea / bradypnea
*Kussmal respirations may be present in _____ (advanced disease state)
*Weak/bounding pulse / pulsus alternans / paradoxical pulse / asymmetric pulse
*High/low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure / [[wide pulse pressure]] / [[narrow pulse pressure]]

===Skin===
* Skin examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*[[Cyanosis]]
*[[Jaundice]]
* [[Pallor]]
* Bruises

<gallery widths="150px">

UploadedImage-01.jpg | Description {{dermref}}
UploadedImage-02.jpg | Description {{dermref}}

</gallery>

===HEENT===
* HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
* Evidence of trauma
* Icteric sclera
* [[Nystagmus]]
* Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
*Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
* Hearing acuity may be reduced
*[[Weber test]] may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
*[[Rinne test]] may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
* [[Exudate]] from the ear canal
* Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
*Inflamed nares / congested nares
* [[Purulent]] exudate from the nares
* Facial tenderness
* Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae

===Neck===
* Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*[[Jugular venous distension]]
*[[Carotid bruits]] may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
*[[Thyromegaly]] / thyroid nodules
*[[Hepatojugular reflux]]

===Lungs===
* Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
* Asymmetric chest expansion OR decreased chest expansion
*Lungs are hyporesonant OR hyperresonant
*Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
*Rhonchi
*Vesicular breath sounds OR distant breath sounds
*Expiratory wheezing OR inspiratory wheezing with normal OR delayed expiratory phase
*[[Wheezing]] may be present
*[[Egophony]] present/absent
*[[Bronchophony]] present/absent
*Normal/reduced [[tactile fremitus]]

===Heart===
* Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*Chest tenderness upon palpation
*PMI within 2 cm of the sternum (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
*[[Heave]] / [[thrill]]
*[[Friction rub]]
*[[Heart sounds#First heart tone S1, the "lub"(components M1 and T1)|S1]]
*[[Heart sounds#Second heart tone S2 the "dub"(components A2 and P2)|S2]]
*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|S3]]
*[[Heart sounds#Fourth heart sound S4|S4]]
*[[Heart sounds#Summation Gallop|Gallops]]
*A high/low grade early/late [[systolic murmur]] / [[diastolic murmur]] best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the stethoscope

===Abdomen===
* Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*[[Abdominal distension]]
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*[[Rebound tenderness]] (positive Blumberg sign)
*A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*Guarding may be present
*[[Hepatomegaly]] / [[splenomegaly]] / [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
*Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test

===Back===
* Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
*Sacral edema
*Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
*Buffalo hump

===Genitourinary===
* Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
*Inflamed mucosa
*Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge

===Neuromuscular===
* Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
* Altered mental status
* Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
* Clonus may be present
* Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
* Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
* Muscle rigidity
* Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
* ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
*Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
*Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
*Positive straight leg raise test
*Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
*Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
*Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
*Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
*Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)

===Extremities===
* Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
*[[Clubbing]]
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper/lower extremities
*Muscle atrophy
*Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome history and symptoms

2021-08-31T15:21:25Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}

==Overview==
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

==History and Symptoms==
*The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.
OR
*The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
*Symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].
===History===
Patients with [disease name]] may have a positive history of:
*[History finding 1]
*[History finding 2]
*[History finding 3]

===Common Symptoms===
Common symptoms of [disease] include:
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common symptoms of [disease name] include
*[Symptom 1]
*[Symptom 2]
*[Symptom 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic study of choice

2021-08-31T15:20:01Z

Homa Najafi: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}} {{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}} == Overview == == Diagnostic Study of Choice == === Study of choice === [Name of the investigatio..."

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
== Overview ==

== Diagnostic Study of Choice ==

=== Study of choice ===
[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

The following result of [gold standard test] is confirmatory of [disease name]:
* [Result 1]
* [Result 2]

OR

[Name of the investigation] must be performed when:
* The patient presents with [symptom/sign 1], [symptom/sign 2], and [symptom/sign 3].
* A [name of test] is positive for [sign 1], [sign 2], and [sign 3] in the patient.

OR

[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

The diagnostic study of choice for [disease name] is [name of the investigation].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [disease name], but [disease name] can be diagnosed based on [name of the investigation 1] and [name of the investigation 2].

OR

[Disease name] is primarily diagnosed based on the clinical presentation.

OR

Investigations:
* Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most specific test for the diagnosis.
* Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most sensitive test for diagnosis.
* Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most efficient test for diagnosis.

==== The comparison of various diagnostic studies for [disease name] ====
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Sensitivity
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specificity
|-
! style="background: #696969; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Test 1
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
|-
! style="background: #696969; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Test 2
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
|}
 [Name of test with higher sensitivity and specificity] is the preferred investigation based on the sensitivity and specificity

===== Diagnostic results =====
The following finding(s) on performing [investigation name] is(are) confirmatory for [disease name]:
* [Finding 1]
* [Finding 2]

===== Sequence of Diagnostic Studies =====
The [name of investigation] must be performed when:
* The patient presented with symptoms/signs 1, 2, and 3 as the first step of diagnosis.
* A positive [test] is detected in the patient, to confirm the diagnosis.

OR

The various investigations must be performed in the following order:
* [Initial investigation]
* [2nd investigation]

=== Name of Diagnostic Criteria ===

'''It is recommended that you include the criteria in a table. Make sure you always cite the source of the content and whether the table has been adapted from another source.'''

[Disease name] is primarily diagnosed based on clinical presentation. There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

OR

There is no single diagnostic study of choice for [disease name], though [disease name] may be diagnosed based on [name of criteria] established by [...].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

[Disease name] may be diagnosed at any time if one or more of the following criteria are met:
* Criteria 1
* Criteria 2
* Criteria 3

OR

'''IF there are clear, established diagnostic criteria'''

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

'''IF there are no established diagnostic criteria'''

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis

2021-08-31T15:04:58Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

===Natural History===
*The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
*The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
*If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

===Complications===
*Common complications of [disease name] include:
**[Complication 1]
**[Complication 2]
**[Complication 3]

===Prognosis===
*Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [--]%.
*Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
*The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
*[Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
*The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome screening

2021-08-31T15:04:30Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].
==Screening==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with:
*[Condition 1]
*[Condition 2]
*[Condition 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome risk factors

2021-08-31T15:03:54Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
**[Risk factor 1]
**[Risk factor 2]
**[Risk factor 3]

===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include:
**[Risk factor 1]
**[Risk factor 2]
**[Risk factor 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome epidemiology and demographics

2021-08-31T15:03:17Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
{{Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

===Prevalence===
*The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
*The prevalence of [disease/malignancy] is estimated to be [number] cases annually.

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome differential diagnosis

2021-08-31T15:02:27Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Xyz]]
Template:Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Diseases
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Additional findings
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical examination
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab Findings
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Histopathology
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 3
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 1
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Diseases
!Symptom 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Symptom 2
!Symptom 3
!Physical exam 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Physical exam 2
!Physical exam 3
!Lab 1
!Lab 2
!Lab 3
!Imaging 1
!Imaging 2
!Imaging 3
!Histopathology
|'''Gold standard'''
!Additional findings
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 4
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 5
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 6
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome differential diagnosis

2021-08-31T15:01:51Z

Homa Najafi:

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Xyz]]
Template:Atherosclerosis
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Vanya}}
==Overview==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Diseases
| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Additional findings
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical examination
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab Findings
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Histopathology
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 3
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 1
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!Diseases
!Symptom 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Symptom 2
!Symptom 3
!Physical exam 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Physical exam 2
!Physical exam 3
!Lab 1
!Lab 2
!Lab 3
!Imaging 1
!Imaging 2
!Imaging 3
!Histopathology
|'''Gold standard'''
!Additional findings
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 4
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 5
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 6
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Neonatology]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}