wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Aphthous ulcer overview

2012-12-12T17:55:21Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Medical Therapy */

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
An ''' aphthous ulcer''' or '''canker sore''' is a type of [[mouth ulcer]] which presents as a painful open [[sore]] inside the [[mouth]], caused by a break in the [[mucous membrane]]. The condition is also known as '''aphthous stomatitis,''' and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers.

The term '''''aphtha''''' means '''[[ulcer]];''' it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral [[lesion]]s, such as certain [[virus|viral]] [[exanthem]]s, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf][http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]

==Causes==
The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102}}</ref> Some drugs, such as [[nicorandil]], also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own[[autoimmunity|immune system]].

==Medical Therapy==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good [[oral hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as Listerine has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

==Primary Prevention==
The best way to prevent Aphthous ulcers is to keep your mouth free of infection. This includes brushing and flossing your teeth, keeping your hands out of your mouth and visiting the dentist for regular cleanings.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer overview

2012-12-12T17:55:10Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Medical Therapy */

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:54:49Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

====Other Treatments====
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

===Home Remedies===
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:54:40Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Overview */

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:54:31Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Medical Therapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

====Other Treatments====
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

===Home Remedies===
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:53:50Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Home Remedies */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

===Pharmacotherapy===
====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

====Other Treatments====
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

===Home Remedies===
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:53:24Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pharmacotherapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

===Pharmacotherapy===
====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

====Other Treatments====
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:52:18Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Medical Therapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

====Other Treatments====
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:52:05Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pharmacotherapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

====Other Treatments====

Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:49:11Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pharmacotherapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL [[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:48:50Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pharmacotherapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:48:36Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pharmacotherapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as[[oral cancer]].'''

Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:48:26Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pharmacotherapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as[[oral cancer]].'''

Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:48:15Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Pain Relief and Healing */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

====Pain Relief and Healing====
Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:48:00Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Medical Therapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

====Pain Relief and Healing====
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer medical therapy

2012-12-12T17:47:41Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral [[hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as [[Listerine]] has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Medical Therapy==
===Pharmacotherapy===
Some [[Dentistry|dentists]] recommend a [[sulfuric acid]] solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol.

[[Thalidomide]] has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with [[polymorphonuclear leukocytes]] (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL[[chemotaxis]] and, possibly, PMNL [[phagocytosis]]. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant.

Another chemical treatment option is the application of [[silver nitrate]] to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Alidaee M, Taheri A, Mansoori P and Ghodsi S | title=Silver nitrate cautery in aphthous stomatitis: a randomized controlled trial | journal=Br J Derm | year=2005 | month=September | volume=153 | issue=3 | pages=521 |id={{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06490.x}}}}</ref>

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers.

===Pain Relief and Healing===
'''Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as [[oral cancer]].'''

Pain can be mitigated by an [[Over-the-counter_drug|OTC]] pain-relieving gel, such as [[Anbesol]], [[Bonjela]], Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores.

[[Triamcinolone]] Acetonide dental paste can be very effective in reducing pain; the [[steroid]] reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK.

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce [[anaerobic bacteria]], such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Wennström J, Lindhe J | title = Effect of hydrogen peroxide on developing plaque and gingivitis in man. | journal = J Clin Periodontol | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 115–30 | year = 1979 | id = PMID 379049}}</ref>

[[Tincture of benzoin]] can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation.

====Steroids====
In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a [[steroid]] treatment. One such steroid is [[methylprednisolone]] (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection).

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed [[prednisone]].

====Controversial Therapies====
Controversial therapies include [[levamisole]], [[colchicine]], gamma-[[globulin]], [[dapsone]], [[estrogen]] replacement,[[MAOIs]], and [[tetracycline]].

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties<ref>{{ cite journal | author=Jain A, Sangal L, Basal E, Kaushal GP, and Agarwal SK | title=Anti-inflammatory effects of Erythromycin and Tetracycline on Propionibacterium acnes induced production of chemotactic factors and reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils | journal=Dermatology Online Journal | volume=8 | issue=2 |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/DOJvol8num2/original/antibiotics2/jain.html }}</ref> or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, [[aqueous]] sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes.

==Home Remedies==
Some home remedies that have been suggested include:
* Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/news/20070322/patch-may-help-heal-canker-sores]
* Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
* Apply three pinches of table [[salt]] on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

[[Antacid]] techniques suggested include the following:
* Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
* Swab the ulcers with [[Milk of Magnesia]].[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canker-sore/DS00354/DSECTION=7]
* Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[http://www.pitt.edu/~cjm6/s98canker.html]
* Make a mix of half [[milk of magnesia]] and half [[Benadryl]], and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.<ref>[http://familydoctor.org/613.xml Canker Sores: What Are They and What Can You Do About Them? (American Academy of Family Physicians)]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
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[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer

2012-12-12T17:35:49Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Related Chapters */

__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease |
Image = canker sore.jpg |
Caption = Mouth ulcer on the lower lip |
}}

{{Aphthous ulcer}}

'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''

{{CMG}}

{{SK}} Canker sore; Sutton's disease; aphthous stomatitis; recurrent aphthous stomatitis
== [[Aphthous ulcer overview|Overview]] ==

==[[Aphthous ulcer historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==[[Aphthous ulcer classification|Classification]]==

== [[Aphthous ulcer pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Aphthous ulcer causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Aphthous ulcer differential diagnosis|Differentiating Aphthous ulcer from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Aphthous ulcer risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Aphthous ulcer physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Aphthous ulcer laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Aphthous ulcer histological findings|Histological Findings]]

== Treatment ==

[[Aphthous ulcer medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Aphthous ulcer primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Aphthous ulcer secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]]

==Case Studies==
[[Aphthous ulcer case study one|Case #1]]

==Related Chapters==
* [[Oral ulcer]]

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
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[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T17:27:16Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Less Common Symptoms */

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Symptoms==
===Common Symptoms===

The first [[symptom]] of an aphthous ulcer is usually a tingling or burning sensation that you feel before other symptoms develop. The following [[symptoms]] may then occur:

* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
** Center is colored white or yellow
** Usually small (under 1 cm) but occasionally larger
** Single bump or group of bumps (crops)
* Sore may turn gray just before starting to heal
* [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
* Particularly large [[ulcers]] (greater than 1 cm in diameter) often take longer to heal (2 to 4 weeks). Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by nonspecific [[symptoms]] of [[illness]], such as [[fever]].
*[[Canker sores]] often return.

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[symptoms]] of Aphthous ulcers include:
* [[Fever]]
* General [[discomfort]] or uneasiness ([[malaise]])
* Swollen [[lymph nodes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T17:27:05Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Less Common Symptoms */

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Symptoms==
===Common Symptoms===

The first [[symptom]] of an aphthous ulcer is usually a tingling or burning sensation that you feel before other symptoms develop. The following [[symptoms]] may then occur:

* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
** Center is colored white or yellow
** Usually small (under 1 cm) but occasionally larger
** Single bump or group of bumps (crops)
* Sore may turn gray just before starting to heal
* [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
* Particularly large [[ulcers]] (greater than 1 cm in diameter) often take longer to heal (2 to 4 weeks). Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by nonspecific [[symptoms]] of [[illness]], such as [[fever]].
*[[Canker sores]] often return.

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[symptoms]] of Aphthous ulcers include:
* [[Fever]]
* General [[discomfort]] or uneasiness (malaise)
* Swollen [[lymph nodes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics

2012-12-12T17:25:27Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
Canker sores are a very common oral lesion. Epidemiological studies in Sweden show an average [[prevalence]] between 15% and 30%.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=J.M. Casiglia, G.W. Mirowski, C.L. Nebesio |title=Aphthous stomatitis |journal=Emedecine |year=2006|month=October }}</ref><ref name="axell">{{Cite journal|author=T. Axéll, V. Henricsson |title=The occurrence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in an adult Swedish population |journal=Acta Odontol Scand |year=1985 }}</ref>

The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS.<ref name="axell" />

===Gender===
Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing Aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men.

===Family===
About 30–40% of patients with recurrent Aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease. <ref>[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer causes

2012-12-12T17:23:23Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The exact cause of Aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102}}</ref> Some drugs, such as [[nicorandil]], also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own [[autoimmunity|immune system]].

== Causes ==
===Common Causes===
====Trauma====
Trauma to the mouth is the most common trigger of Aphthous ulcers.[http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40024908/][http://www.health-disease.org/skin-disorders/aphthous-ulcer.htm][http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Mouth_ulcers?OpenDocument] [[Physical trauma]], such as that caused by toothbrush abrasions, laceration with sharp foods or objects, accidental biting (particularly common with sharp canine teeth), or [[dental braces]] can cause mouth ulcers by breaking the mucous membrane.

====SLS containing Toothpaste====
Factors, such as chemical irritants or thermal injury, may also lead to the development of ulcers. The large majority of toothpastes sold in the U.S. contain [[Sodium dodecyl sulfate|Sodium lauryl sulfate]] (SLS), which is known to cause Aphthous ulcers in certain individuals. Using a [[toothpaste]] without SLS will reduce the frequency of Aphthous ulcers in persons who experience Aphthous ulcers caused by SLS.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Herlofson B, Barkvoll P | title = Sodium lauryl sulfate and recurrent aphthous ulcers. A preliminary study. | journal = Acta Odontol Scand | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 257–9 | year = 1994 | pmid=7825393 | url=http://www.wealthpartners.net/pdf/0535.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Herlofson B, Barkvoll P | title = The effect of two toothpaste detergents on the frequency of recurrent aphthous ulcers. | journal = Acta Odontol Scand | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 150–3 | year = 1996 | pmid=8811135}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Chahine L, Sempson N, Wagoner C | title = The effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on recurrent aphthous ulcers: a clinical study. | journal = Compend Contin Educ Dent | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 1238–40 | year = 1997 | pmid=9656847}}</ref>
However, some studies find no connection between SLS in toothpaste and mouth ulcers.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Healy C, Paterson M, Joyston-Bechal S, Williams D, Thornhill M | title = The effect of a sodium lauryl sulfate-free dentifrice on patients with recurrent oral ulceration. | journal = Oral Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–43 | year = 1999 | pmid=10218040}}</ref>

====Artificial Sugars====
Artificial sugars, such as those found in diet cola and sugarless gum, have been reported as causes of Aphthous ulcers as well. They can also be linked to an increased intake of acids such as [[ascorbic acid]] (one form of [[Vitamin C]]) or [[citric acid]]. In this case the sores disappear after intake decreases (for example, by substituting [[ascorbate]] [[salt]]s for ascorbic acid).

====Penicillin====
According to small-scale experiments by one [[patent]] applicant Hau, ({{US patent|6248718|6,248,718}}), topical preparations of high doses of [[penicillin]] resulted in accelerated healing of mouth ulcers.

====Gluten====
There is a commonly held belief that another cause of Aphthous ulcers is gluten intolerance ([[Celiac disease]]), whereby consumption of [[wheat]], rye, barley and sometimes oats can result in chronic mouth ulcers. However, two small studies of patients with Celiac disease have demonstrated no link between the disease and Aphthous ulcers.<ref name="bucci">{{cite journal | author = Bucci P, Carile F, Sangianantoni A, D'Angio F, Santarelli A, Lo Muzio L. | title = Oral aphthous ulcers and dental enamel defects in children with celiac disease. | journal = Acta Paediatrica | volume = 95 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–7 | year = 2006 | pmid=16449028}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR. | title = Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature. | journal = Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology & Endodontics | volume = 94 | issue = 4 | pages = 474–8 | year = 2002 | pmid=12374923}}</ref> If patients with Aphthous ulcers do happen to have gluten intolerance, they may experience benefit in eliminating breads, pastas, cakes, pies, scones, biscuits, beers and so on from their diet and substituting gluten-free varieties where available.<ref name="bucci"/>

====Immune System====
Although the exact cause is not known, Aphthous ulcers are thought to form when the body becomes aware of and attacks [[molecules]] which it does not recognize.<ref name="Lewkowicz">{{cite journal |author=Lewkowicz N, Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, Kurnatowska A, Tchorzewski H.|title=Predominance of Type 1 cytokines and decreased number of CD4(+)CD25(+high) T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations. |journal=Immunol Lett. |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=57-62 |year=2005 |pmid=15894112}}</ref> The presence of the unrecognized [[molecule]]s garners a reaction by the [[T-cell]]s, which trigger a reaction that causes the damage of a mouth ulcer. People who get these ulcers have lower numbers of regulatory [[T-cell]]s.<ref name="Lewkowicz">{{cite journal |author=Lewkowicz N, Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, Kurnatowska A, Tchorzewski H.|title=Predominance of Type 1 cytokines and decreased number of CD4(+)CD25(+high) T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcerations. |journal=Immunol Lett. |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=57-62 |year=2005 |pmid=15894112}}</ref>

Repeat episodes of Aphthous ulcers can be indicative of an [[immunodeficiency]], signalling low levels of [[immunoglobulin]] in the mucous membrane of the mouth. Certain types of [[chemotherapy]] cause mouth ulcers as a side effect.<ref name="nonhodgkinsAdvice">{{cite web | title=Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cyberfamily — Side effects | url=http://www.nhlcyberfamily.org/effects.htm | publisher=NHL Cyberfamily | accessdate=2006-08-10}}</ref>
Mouth ulcers may also be symptoms or complications of several diseases listed in the following section. The treatment depends on the believed cause.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
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[[it:Afta]]
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[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
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Aphthous ulcer pathophysiology

2012-12-12T17:20:24Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Overview==
The pathophysiology of Aphthous ulcers is poorly understood.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer risk factors

2012-12-12T17:18:14Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Risk Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for developing Aphthous ulcers include:
* Being a female

* Between the ages of 10-40

* Family history of Aphthous ulcers

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer risk factors

2012-12-12T17:17:14Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Risk Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for developing Aphthous ulcers include being a female, being between the ages of 10-40, and having a family history of Aphthous ulcers.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer risk factors

2012-12-12T17:16:59Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Risk Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Risk Factors==
Risk factors for developing aphthous ulcers include being a female, being between the ages of 10-40, and having a family history of aphthous ulcers.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T17:02:46Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Complications */

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Natural History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Complications==
Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as [[cellulitis]]<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm </ref> and [[Ludwig's angina]] <ref> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm </ref> may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.

==Prognosis==
Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T17:01:19Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Natural History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Complications==
Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as <ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm </ref> [[cellulitis]] and <ref> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm </ref> [[Ludwig's angina]] may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.

==Prognosis==
Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T17:01:06Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Natural History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Complications==
Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as <ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm </ref> [[cellulitis]] and <ref> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm </ref> [[Ludwig's angina]] may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.

==Prognosis==
Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T17:00:50Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Complications */

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Natural History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Complications==
Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as <ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm </ref> [[cellulitis]] and <ref> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm </ref> [[Ludwig's angina]] may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.

==Prognosis==
Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T16:59:44Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Natural History */

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Natural History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Complications==
Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm]] [[cellulitis]] and [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm]] [[Ludwig's angina]] may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.
==Prognosis==
Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T16:59:18Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Natural History==
==Complications==
Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm]] [[cellulitis]] and [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm]] [[Ludwig's angina]] may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.
==Prognosis==
Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]

Aphthous ulcer natural history, complications and prognosis

2012-12-12T16:59:03Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}
==Natural History==

==Complications==

Antibiotic treatment for canker sores may lead to [[oral thrush]] (a type of mouth infection) or other [[Candida]] infections. Rarely, bacterial infections such as [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000855.htm]] [[cellulitis]] and [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001047.htm]] [[Ludwig's angina]] may occur. Canker sores are not [[cancer]] and don't lead to cancer, but if you have a mouth ulcer that lasts more than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor to rule out possible cancer.

==Prognosis==

Aphthous ulcers usually heal on their own. The pain usually decreases in a few days. Other symptoms disappear in 10 to 14 days.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]

Aphthous ulcer overview

2012-12-12T16:54:29Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
An ''' aphthous ulcer''' or '''canker sore''' is a type of [[mouth ulcer]] which presents as a painful open [[sore]] inside the [[mouth]], caused by a break in the [[mucous membrane]]. The condition is also known as '''aphthous stomatitis,''' and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers.

The term '''''aphtha''''' means '''[[ulcer]];''' it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral [[lesion]]s, such as certain [[virus|viral]] [[exanthem]]s, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf][http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]

==Causes==
The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102}}</ref> Some drugs, such as [[nicorandil]], also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own[[autoimmunity|immune system]].

==Medical Therapy==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good [[oral hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as Listerine has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Primary Prevention==
The best way to prevent Aphthous ulcers is to keep your mouth free of infection. This includes brushing and flossing your teeth, keeping your hands out of your mouth and visiting the dentist for regular cleanings.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer overview

2012-12-12T16:54:18Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
An ''' aphthous ulcer''' or '''canker sore''' is a type of [[mouth ulcer]] which presents as a painful open [[sore]] inside the [[mouth]], caused by a break in the [[mucous membrane]]. The condition is also known as '''aphthous stomatitis,''' and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers.

The term '''''aphtha''''' means '''[[ulcer]];''' it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral [[lesion]]s, such as certain [[virus|viral]] [[exanthem]]s, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf][http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]

==Causes==
The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102}}</ref> Some drugs, such as [[nicorandil]], also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own[[autoimmunity|immune system]].

==Medical Therapy==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good [[oral hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as Listerine has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==Primary Prevention==

The best way to prevent Aphthous ulcers is to keep your mouth free of infection. This includes brushing and flossing your teeth, keeping your hands out of your mouth and visiting the dentist for regular cleanings.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer primary prevention

2012-12-12T16:53:26Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The best way to prevent Aphthous ulcers is to keep your mouth free of infection. This includes brushing and flossing your teeth, keeping your hands out of your mouth and visiting the dentist for regular cleanings.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Aphthous ulcer primary prevention

2012-12-12T16:53:13Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==

The best way to prevent Aphthous ulcers is to keep your mouth free of infection. This includes brushing and flossing your teeth, keeping your hands out of your mouth and visiting the dentist for regular cleanings.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Aphthous ulcer overview

2012-12-12T16:44:30Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
An ''' aphthous ulcer''' or '''canker sore''' is a type of [[mouth ulcer]] which presents as a painful open [[sore]] inside the [[mouth]], caused by a break in the [[mucous membrane]]. The condition is also known as '''aphthous stomatitis,''' and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers.

The term '''''aphtha''''' means '''[[ulcer]];''' it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral [[lesion]]s, such as certain [[virus|viral]] [[exanthem]]s, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf][http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]

==Causes==
The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102}}</ref> Some drugs, such as [[nicorandil]], also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own[[autoimmunity|immune system]].

==Medical Therapy==
Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good [[oral hygiene]] should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as Listerine has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer overview

2012-12-12T16:44:11Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}
==Overview==
An ''' aphthous ulcer''' or '''canker sore''' is a type of [[mouth ulcer]] which presents as a painful open [[sore]] inside the [[mouth]], caused by a break in the [[mucous membrane]]. The condition is also known as '''aphthous stomatitis,''' and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers.

The term '''''aphtha''''' means '''[[ulcer]];''' it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral [[lesion]]s, such as certain [[virus|viral]] [[exanthem]]s, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf][http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]

==Causes==
The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include [[stress (psychology)|stress]], [[fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], [[illness]], injury from accidental biting, [[hormone|hormonal]] changes, [[menstruation]], sudden [[weight loss]], [[food allergy|food allergies]], the foaming agent in toothpaste ([[Sodium lauryl sulfate|SLS]]), and deficiencies in [[vitamin B12]], [[iron]], and [[folic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wray D, Ferguson M, Hutcheon W, Dagg J |title=Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae |journal=J Oral Pathol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=418–23 |year=1978 |pmid=105102}}</ref> Some drugs, such as [[nicorandil]], also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own[[autoimmunity|immune system]].

==Medical Therapy==

Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral hygiene should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as Listerine has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer physical examination

2012-12-12T16:42:08Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T16:39:28Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Symptoms==
===Common Symptoms===

The first [[symptom]] of an aphthous ulcer is usually a tingling or burning sensation that you feel before other symptoms develop. The following [[symptoms]] may then occur:

* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
** Center is colored white or yellow
** Usually small (under 1 cm) but occasionally larger
** Single bump or group of bumps (crops)
* Sore may turn gray just before starting to heal
* [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
* Particularly large [[ulcers]] (greater than 1 cm in diameter) often take longer to heal (2 to 4 weeks). Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by nonspecific [[symptoms]] of [[illness]], such as [[fever]].
*[[Canker sores]] often return.

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[symptoms]] include:
* [[Fever]]
* General [[discomfort]] or uneasiness (malaise)
* Swollen [[lymph nodes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T16:39:09Z

Daniel Nethala: /* History */

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.

==Symptoms==
===Common Symptoms===

The first [[symptom]] of an aphthous ulcer is usually a tingling or burning sensation that you feel before other symptoms develop. The following [[symptoms]] may then occur:

* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
** Center is colored white or yellow
** Usually small (under 1 cm) but occasionally larger
** Single bump or group of bumps (crops)
* Sore may turn gray just before starting to heal
* [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
* Particularly large [[ulcers]] (greater than 1 cm in diameter) often take longer to heal (2 to 4 weeks). Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by nonspecific [[symptoms]] of [[illness]], such as [[fever]].
*[[Canker sores]] often return.

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[symptoms]] include:
* [[Fever]]
* General [[discomfort]] or uneasiness (malaise)
* Swollen [[lymph nodes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T16:38:29Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Common Symptoms */

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
==Symptoms==
===Common Symptoms===

The first [[symptom]] of an aphthous ulcer is usually a tingling or burning sensation that you feel before other symptoms develop. The following [[symptoms]] may then occur:

* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
** Center is colored white or yellow
** Usually small (under 1 cm) but occasionally larger
** Single bump or group of bumps (crops)
* Sore may turn gray just before starting to heal
* [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.
* Particularly large [[ulcers]] (greater than 1 cm in diameter) often take longer to heal (2 to 4 weeks). Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by nonspecific [[symptoms]] of [[illness]], such as [[fever]].
*[[Canker sores]] often return.

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[symptoms]] include:
* [[Fever]]
* General [[discomfort]] or uneasiness (malaise)
* Swollen [[lymph nodes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T16:37:17Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
==Symptoms==
===Common Symptoms===

The first [[symptom]] of an aphthous ulcer is usually a tingling or burning sensation that you feel before other symptoms develop. The following [[symptoms]] may then occur:

* Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open [[ulcer]]
** Center is colored white or yellow
** Usually small (under 1 cm) but occasionally larger
** Single bump or group of bumps (crops)
* Sore may turn gray just before starting to heal
* [[Pain]] decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks.

* Particularly large [[ulcers]] (greater than 1 cm in diameter) often take longer to heal (2 to 4 weeks). Occasionally, a severe occurrence may be accompanied by nonspecific [[symptoms]] of [[illness]], such as [[fever]].

[[Canker sores]] often return.

===Less Common Symptoms===
Less common [[symptoms]] include:
* [[Fever]]
* General [[discomfort]] or uneasiness (malaise)
* Swollen [[lymph nodes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer history and symptoms

2012-12-12T16:34:52Z

Daniel Nethala:

{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==History==
==Symptoms==
Aphthous ulcers often begin with a tingling or burning sensation at the site of the future mouth ulcer. In a few days, they often progress to form a red spot or bump, followed by an open [[ulcer]].

The aphthous ulcer appears as a white or yellow oval with an inflamed red border. Sometimes a white circle or halo around the lesion can be observed. The grey-, white-, or yellow-colored area within the red boundary is due to the formation of layers of [[fibrin]], a [[protein]] involved in the [[clot]]ting of blood. The ulcer, which itself is often extremely painful, especially when agitated, may be accompanied by a painful swelling of the [[lymph node]]s below the jaw, which can be mistaken for [[toothache]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer laboratory findings

2012-12-12T16:30:38Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Template:Aphthous ulcer}}

Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==References==

{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Aphthous ulcer risk factors

2012-12-12T16:29:04Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Risk Factors==
[[Aphthous ulcers]] are a common form of mouth [[ulcer]]. They occur in women more often than men. They may occur at any age, but usually first appear between the ages of 10 and 40.
[[Aphthous ulcers]] can run in families.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics

2012-12-12T16:18:02Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Family */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
Canker sores are a very common oral lesion. Epidemiological studies in Sweden show an average [[prevalence]] between 15% and 30%.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=J.M. Casiglia, G.W. Mirowski, C.L. Nebesio |title=Aphthous stomatitis |journal=Emedecine |year=2006|month=October }}</ref><ref name="axell">{{Cite journal|author=T. Axéll, V. Henricsson |title=The occurrence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in an adult Swedish population |journal=Acta Odontol Scand |year=1985 }}</ref>

The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS.<ref name="axell" />

===Gender===
Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men.

===Family===
About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease. <ref>[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics

2012-12-12T16:17:28Z

Daniel Nethala:

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
Canker sores are a very common oral lesion. Epidemiological studies in Sweden show an average [[prevalence]] between 15% and 30%.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=J.M. Casiglia, G.W. Mirowski, C.L. Nebesio |title=Aphthous stomatitis |journal=Emedecine |year=2006|month=October }}</ref><ref name="axell">{{Cite journal|author=T. Axéll, V. Henricsson |title=The occurrence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in an adult Swedish population |journal=Acta Odontol Scand |year=1985 }}</ref>

The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS.<ref name="axell" />

===Gender===
Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men.

====Family====
About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease. <ref>[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics

2012-12-12T16:16:58Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Family */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
Canker sores are a very common oral lesion. Epidemiological studies in Sweden show an average [[prevalence]] between 15% and 30%.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=J.M. Casiglia, G.W. Mirowski, C.L. Nebesio |title=Aphthous stomatitis |journal=Emedecine |year=2006|month=October }}</ref><ref name="axell">{{Cite journal|author=T. Axéll, V. Henricsson |title=The occurrence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in an adult Swedish population |journal=Acta Odontol Scand |year=1985 }}</ref>

The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS.<ref name="axell" />

===Gender===
Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men.

====Family====
About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease. <ref>[http://dental.huji.ac.il/course/oral_medicine/lectures/4/lesones/afta2.pdf]</ref><ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic700.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16390463&dopt=AbstractPlus]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Aphthous ulcer epidemiology and demographics

2012-12-12T16:15:32Z

Daniel Nethala: /* Family */

__NOTOC__
{{Aphthous ulcer}}
{{CMG}}

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
Canker sores are a very common oral lesion. Epidemiological studies in Sweden show an average [[prevalence]] between 15% and 30%.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=J.M. Casiglia, G.W. Mirowski, C.L. Nebesio |title=Aphthous stomatitis |journal=Emedecine |year=2006|month=October }}</ref><ref name="axell">{{Cite journal|author=T. Axéll, V. Henricsson |title=The occurrence of recurrent aphthous ulcers in an adult Swedish population |journal=Acta Odontol Scand |year=1985 }}</ref>

The frequency of canker sores varies from fewer than 4 episodes per year (85% of all cases) to more than one episode per month (10% of all cases) including people suffering from continuous RAS.<ref name="axell" />

===Gender===
Gender is associated with an increased risk of developing aphthous ulcers. Women are more often affected by the disease than men.

====Family====
About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers report a family history of the disease.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Oral pathology}}

 
[[zh-min-nan:Chhiūⁿ-iam-ke-lâ]]
[[de:Aphthe]]
[[es:Afta]]
[[eo:Afto]]
[[fr:Aphte]]
[[gl:Afta]]
[[id:Sariawan]]
[[it:Afta]]
[[he:אפתה]]
[[la:Ulcus Aphthous]]
[[nl:Afte]]
[[ja:口内炎]]
[[pt:Afta]]
[[sq:Afta]]
[[fi:Afta]]
[[sv:Afte]]
[[th:แผลร้อนใน]]
[[uk:Афти]]
[[zh:口疮]]

[[Category:Oral pathology]]
[[Category:Laryngology]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[pl:Afta]]

{{WH}}
{{WS}}