wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Mental retardation surgery

2021-07-29T02:39:41Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Indications */

Mental retardation interventions

2021-07-29T02:38:57Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Indications */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Treatment should address the underlying cause of ID, treatment of [[comorbid]] [[physical]] disorders that may further [[impair]] functioning, such as [[pharmacologic]] treatment for [[behavioral disorders]] in [[Fragile X]] patients, and institution of [[special education]], [[rehabilitation]], and [[psychosocial]] [[interventions]]. <ref name="HagermanPolussa2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hagerman|first1=Randi J.|last2=Polussa|first2=Jonathan|title=Treatment of the psychiatric problems associated with fragile X syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=28|issue=2|year=2015|pages=107–112|issn=0951-7367|doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000131}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332877/ |title=Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities - Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==Indications==

The mainstay of treatment for Mental retardation is medical therapy.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation history and symptoms

2021-07-29T02:34:08Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* History and Symptoms */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
==Overview==
The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

==History and Symptoms==
===History===
History should focus on the [[birth]] and [[developmental]] history of the child. This would include the [[chief complaints]] arranged in [[chronological]] order and a comprehensive [[prenatal]] and [[perinatal]] history.
[[Developmental]] history in the following domains should be evaluated: [[motor]], [[language]], [[communication]] and [[ability]] for [[self-care]]; [[socioeconomic]], [[cognition]] and [[occupational]]/[[recreational]] activities. [[Medical]] [[comorbidities]] and [[psychiatric]] history must also be obtained as well as a comprehensive [[family history]] including a [[pedigree]] construction, background, and current living conditions. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

===Symptoms===
Hallmark [[symptoms]] of intellectual disability: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

#Delayed [[learning]] of new [[knowledge]] and [[skills]]
#Immature [[social skills]]
#Limited self-care skills
[[Behavioral]] problems also occur in these patients and they are usually precipitated by different factors such as:
#Improper [[training]] in what is a [[socially]] acceptable [[behavior]]
#Inconsistent [[discipline]]
#Reinforcement of [[maladaptive]] [[behavior]]
#Impaired [[communication skills]]
#Co-existing [[physical]] and [[mental disorders]] such as [[anxiety]] and [[depression]].

Symptoms that may point to a [[genetic]] [[metabolic]] disorder include [[failure to thrive]], [[lethargy]], [[vomiting]], [[seizures]], [[hypotonia]], [[hepatomegaly]], [[coarse facies]], [[macroglossia]]. On the other hand, the [[comorbid]] [[neuromuscular]] disease may be suspected in patients with [[developmental delays]] in [[gross motor]] skills, [[fine motor]] skills such as [[pincer]] [[grasp]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation diagnostic study of choice

2021-07-29T02:32:33Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza:

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}
== Overview ==
There is no specific study to diagnose intellectual disability. The [[DSM 5]] Diagnostic Criteria specifies that all of the three criteria must be satisfied:
#Individuals have difficulty in [[executive functioning]], [[academic]] [[learning]], and [[experiential]] [[learning]] confirmed by [[standard]] [[assessment tools]] and [[clinically]].
#[[Social communication]] [[skills]] are challenging and [[practical skills]] that impair independence (performing [[activities of daily living]]) and [[interaction]] with other people.
#It happens during the [[developmental period]].
The classification of ID must also be specified.

==Diagnostic Criteria==
===DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability<ref>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | ISBN = 0890425558 }}</ref>===
{{cquote|

Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits
in conceptual, social, and practical domains. The following three criteria must be met:
* A. Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing.
'''''AND'''''
* B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Without ongoing support, the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life, such as communication, social participation, and independent living, across multiple environments, such as home, school, work, and community.
'''''AND'''''
* C. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period.
}}

<SMALL>'' Note: The diagnostic term intellectual disability is the equivalent term for the ICD-11 diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorders. Although the term intellectual disability is
used throughout this manual, both terms are used in the title to clarify relationships with other classification systems. Moreover, a federal statute in the United States (Public Law 111-256, Rosa’s Law) replaces the term mental retardation with intellectual disability, and research journals use the term intellectual disability. Thus, intellectual disability is the term in common use by medical, educational, and other professions and by the lay public and advocacy groups.''</SMALL>

===Unspecified Intellectual Disability===
Unspecified intellectual disability refers to an intellectual disability that is difficult to evaluate among individuals > 5 years of age. Subjects with unspecified intellectual disabilities should be reassessed at a later time. The difficulty to assess the extent of the intellectual disability can be due to one or more of the following conditions: <ref>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | ISBN = 0890425558 }}</ref>
* Sensory impairment
* Physical impairment
* Locomotor disability
* Severe behavioral problem
* Coexisting mental disorder

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation diagnostic study of choice

2021-07-29T02:31:35Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Unspecified Intellectual Disability */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}
== Overview ==
There is no specific study to diagnose intellectual disability. The [[DSM 5]] Diagnostic Criteria specifies that all of the three criteria must be satisfied:
#Individuals have difficulty in [[executive functioning]], [[academic]] [[learning]], and [[experiential]] [[learning]] confirmed by [[standard]] [[assessment tools]] and [[clinically]].
#[[Social communication]] [[skills]] are challenging and [[practical skills]] that impair independence (performing [[activities of daily living]]) and [[interaction]] with other people.
#It happens during the [[developmental period]].
The classification of ID must also be specified.

==Diagnostic Criteria==
===DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability<ref>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>===
{{cquote|

Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) is a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits
in conceptual, social, and practical domains. The following three criteria must be met:
* A. Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing.
'''''AND'''''
* B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Without ongoing support, the adaptive deficits limit functioning in one or more activities of daily life, such as communication, social participation, and independent living, across multiple environments, such as home, school, work, and community.
'''''AND'''''
* C. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period.
}}

<SMALL>''Note: The diagnostic term intellectual disability is the equivalent term for the ICD-11 diagnosis of intellectual developmental disorders. Although the term intellectual disability is
used throughout this manual, both terms are used in the title to clarify relationships with other classification systems. Moreover, a federal statute in the United States (Public Law 111-256, Rosa’s Law) replaces the term mental retardation with intellectual disability, and research journals use the term intellectual disability. Thus, intellectual disability is the term in common use by medical, educational, and other professions and by the lay public and advocacy groups.''</SMALL>

===Unspecified Intellectual Disability===
Unspecified intellectual disability refers to an intellectual disability that is difficult to evaluate among individuals > 5 years of age. Subjects with unspecified intellectual disabilities should be reassessed at a later time. The difficulty to assess the extent of the intellectual disability can be due to one or more of the following conditions: <ref>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | ISBN = 0890425558 }}</ref>
* Sensory impairment
* Physical impairment
* Locomotor disability
* Severe behavioral problem
* Coexisting mental disorder

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation differential diagnosis

2021-07-29T02:11:50Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases */

__NOTOC__
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Mental_retardation]]

{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Intellectual disability must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[cognitive]] deficits such as [[neurocognitive]] disorders or [[brain]] injury, [[specific learning]] disorders, or [[genetic]] conditions that are characterized by [[mental retardation]].

==Differentiating Mental Retardation from other Diseases==
#[[Neurocognitive disorders]] – there is loss of [[cognitive]] functioning in these cases.
#[[Specific learning disorder]] and [[language disorders]] – compared to individuals with ID, these individuals have [[deficits]] in [[communication]] and [[learning]] aspects but with [[normal]] [[intellect]] and [[adaptive]] [[function]].
#[[Autism spectrum disorder]] – [[social development]] and [[language]] [[deficits]] are the [[hallmark]] of [[autism]] spectrum patients and have [[normal]] [[motor]] [[development]].

Possible hearing and visual impairments should be ruled out in diagnosing intellectual disability. <ref name="PatelApple2018">{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Dilip R.|last2=Apple|first2=Roger|last3=Kanungo|first3=Shibani|last4=Akkal|first4=Ashley|title=Intellectual disability: definitions, evaluation and principles of treatment|journal=Pediatric Medicine|volume=1|year=2018|pages=11–11|issn=26175428|doi=10.21037/pm.2018.12.02}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>

== Differential Diagnosis ==
*[[Neurocognitive]] disorders <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
*Communication Disorder <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
* [[Specific Learning]] Disorder <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
* [[Autism Spectrum Disorder]] <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
*[[Down Syndrome]] <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>
*[[DiGeorge Syndrome]] <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation secondary prevention

2021-07-20T03:21:10Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Secondary Prevention */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
==Secondary Prevention==
Referral to an early [[intervention]] program as soon as the diagnosis of ID is a must. A [[multidisciplinary team]] consisting of [[neurologists]], developmental-behavioral [[pediatricians]], [[orthopedists]], [[physical]] and [[occupational therapists]], [[speech pathologists]] and [[audiologists]], [[nutritionists]], [[social workers]], and [[psychologists]] are involved in the patient’s care. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation primary prevention

2021-07-20T03:20:43Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Primary Prevention */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Primary Prevention==
*'''[[Vaccines]]''' prevent [[infectious]] causes of ID such as [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[H. influenzae]] [[meningitis]]. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''Avoiding [[alcohol]]''' during [[pregnancy]] prevents [[fetal alcohol syndrome]]. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*'''[[Folate]] supplementation at 400-800 mcg/day''' in women three months before [[conception]] through the [[first trimester]] reduces the risk for [[neural tube defects]]. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation interventions

2021-07-20T03:20:08Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Treatment should address the underlying cause of ID, treatment of [[comorbid]] [[physical]] disorders that may further [[impair]] functioning, such as [[pharmacologic]] treatment for [[behavioral disorders]] in [[Fragile X]] patients, and institution of [[special education]], [[rehabilitation]], and [[psychosocial]] [[interventions]]. <ref name="HagermanPolussa2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hagerman|first1=Randi J.|last2=Polussa|first2=Jonathan|title=Treatment of the psychiatric problems associated with fragile X syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=28|issue=2|year=2015|pages=107–112|issn=0951-7367|doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000131}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332877/ |title=Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities - Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation medical therapy

2021-07-20T03:19:30Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Medical Therapy */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Some confirmed [[etiologies]] for [[intellectual disabilities]] can be prevented with different treatment modalities such as [[enzyme supplementation]] or [[chelation]] in cases of [[Wilson's disease]]. Symptomatic treatment is also instituted in cases of [[seizures]] in [[tuberous sclerosis]].

==Medical Therapy==
Medical intervention for identified causes of intellectual disability should be instituted. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>
*'''Replacement of deficient molecules'''
**[[Thyroxine]] supplementation for [[congenital hypothyroidism]]
**[[Enzyme]] [[replacement]] therapy
**[[Copper]] [[histidine]] for [[Menkes disease]]
*'''Small [[molecule]] therapy'''
**[[Pyridoxine]], [[Vitamin B12]], and [[folate]] for [[homocystinuria]]
**Low [[phenylalanine]] diet for [[phenylketonuria]]
*'''[[Vigabatrin]] for [[tuberous sclerosis]]'''
*'''[[Chelation]] in cases of [[Wilson disease]]'''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation other diagnostic studies

2021-07-20T03:18:58Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Other Diagnostic Studies */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Other Diagnostic Studies==
*[[Chromosomal microarray analysis]] to look for [[copy number variants]] seen in [[Cri du chat syndrome]] or [[DiGeorge syndrome]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Karyotyping]] to rule out [[Down Syndrome]] [[(trisomy 21)]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*Direct [[DNA]] studies for ruling out [[Fragile X]] [[syndrome]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[HIV]] test in high-risk [[infants]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Urine]] and [[serum]] [[amino acid]] and [[organic acid]] [[analysis]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Enzyme]] studies for [[storage diseases]] or [[peroxisomal]] disorders <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Muscle enzymes]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Electroencephalography]] [[(EEG)]] for patients with [[seizures]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[TORCH]] [[screening]] <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation MRI

2021-07-20T03:17:51Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* MRI */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
[[Cranial MRI]] can show [[central nervous system]] [[malformations]].

==MRI==
[[Cranial MRI]] can show [[central nervous system]] [[malformations]] such as in [[tuberous sclerosis]] and [[neurofibromatosis]], [[hydrocephalus]], or [[schizencephaly]]. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation MRI

2021-07-20T03:17:32Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
[[Cranial MRI]] can show [[central nervous system]] [[malformations]].

==MRI==
[[Cranial MRI]] can show [[central nervous system]] [[malformations]] such as in [[tuberous sclerosis]] and [[neurofibromatosis]], [[hydrocephalus]], or [[schizencephaly]]. {{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation MRI

2021-07-20T03:17:19Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
[[Cranial MRI]] can show [[central nervous system]] [[malformations]] such as in [[tuberous sclerosis]] and [[neurofibromatosis]], [[hydrocephalus]], or [[schizencephaly]].

==MRI==
[[Cranial MRI]] can show [[central nervous system]] [[malformations]] such as in [[tuberous sclerosis]] and [[neurofibromatosis]], [[hydrocephalus]], or [[schizencephaly]]. {{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation echocardiography and ultrasound

2021-07-20T03:16:56Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Echocardiography/Ultrasound */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
==Echocardiography/Ultrasound==
[[Echocardiography]] may reveal [[heart]] [[malformations]] and [[ultrasound]] may reveal the presence of a single [[kidney]]. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation laboratory findings

2021-07-20T03:16:17Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Laboratory Findings */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
==Overview==
There are no specific diagnostic laboratory findings associated with an intellectual disability however, [[laboratory]] tests like [[imaging]], [[genetic]] testing, [[chromosomal]] analysis, and [[enzyme]] levels assessment are done to determine possible [[cause]] of ID.

==Laboratory Findings==
It is challenging to completely examine children with intellectual disabilities due to inadequate [[communication]] [[skills]]. Some malformations may be missed even with a comprehensive examination. Some [[malformations]] such as [[atrial septal defect]] [[(ASD)]], [[single kidney]], [[holoprosencephaly]], [[visual]] and [[hearing]] [[impairment]] may be missed. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation physical examination

2021-07-20T03:15:46Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Physical Examination */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Physical Examination==
A detailed physical examination has three parts: <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>
# [[Anthropometry]] – provides an estimate of the [[nutrition]], any underlying [[medical]] or [[genetic]] condition. Assessment includes: [[height]], [[arm span]], sitting [[height]], [[weight]], [[head circumference]], [[chest]] circumference, [[abdominal]] circumference, [[intercanthal]] and [[interpupillary]] distances, and [[palm]] and [[foot]] lengths.
# [[Dysmorphology]] [[examination]] – this documents [[birth defects]] by conducting a [[head-to-toe]] examination to look for minor physical anomalies that could shed light on the [[etiology]] of ID.
# Examination of major [[organ systems]]- this could provide clues toward a [[disorder]] involving [[inborn error of metabolism]]. [[Assessment]] should include [[vision]], [[hearing]], and [[gait]]. Patients are referred to [[geneticists]] for further evaluation in case of a [[minor physical anomaly]].
#[[Behavioral]] observation – this is to correlate the [[clinical history]] and [[intellectual]] and [[behavioral]] [[abilities]]. It starts with observing [[general appearance]], any oddities in [[behavior]], [[attention span]], [[receptive]] and [[expressive]] [[speech]], [[social skills]].

*'''[[HEENT]]'''
**[[Scalp]] [[hair]]: sparse, light-colored, double [[whorl]] on the [[scalp]], easily breakable
**[[Skull]] shape: [[brachycephaly]], [[scaphocephaly]], [[trigonocephaly]], [[oxycephaly]], [[plagiocephaly]]
**[[Facial]] appearance: [[coarse facies]], elongated, triangular, small
**[[Eyes]]: deeply set, prominent, [[microphthalmia]], [[upslanting]]/[[downslanting]] [[palpebral]] [[fissures]], [[hypertelorism]], [[strabismus]], [[ptosis]], bushy [[eyebrows]], [[synopharys]], [[microcornea]], [[corneal]] [[clouding]], [[cataracts]], [[coloboma]] of the [[iris]], [[blue sclera]], [[telangiectasia]]
**[[Ears]]: low set, small, large, [[malformed]], posteriorly rotated, [[anteverted]], [[periauricular tags]], [[pits]], cup shape
**[[Nose]]: depressed [[nasal bridge]], short and stubby, beak-shaped, bulbous tip, flaring, hypoplastic [[nostrils]]
**[[Palate]]: [[high-arched]], ridged, [[cleft]], [[bifid]] [[uvula]]
**[[Chin]]: prominent, [[retrognathia]], [[micrognathia]]

*'''[[Chest]]:''' [[pectus excavatum]], [[pectus carinatum]], [[nipple]] [[anomalies]], [[gynecomastia]]
*'''[[Abdomen]]:''' [[Protuberant]], [[scaphoid]], [[umbilical]] [[hernia]], [[hepatosplenomegaly]], [[inguinal]] [[hernia]]
*''' [[Genitourinary]]:''' [[micropenis]], [[micro-orchidism]] or [[macro-orchidism]], undescended [[testis]], [[ambiguous genitalia]], [[hypospadias]], absent [[secondary sexual characteristics]], [[shawl]] [[scrotum]]
*'''[[Neuromuscular]]:''' [[kyphosis]], [[scoliosis]], [[spina bifida]]
*'''[[Extremities]]'''
**[[Hands]]: broad, shorthands, [[simian crease]], [[Sidney line]], spade-shaped
**[[Fingers]]: [[clinodactyly]], [[brachydactyly]], [[syndactyly]], [[camptodactyly]], [[arachnodactyly]], [[polydactyly]]
**[[Feet]]: [[Pes planus]], [[pes cavus]], [[valgus]]/[[varus]], broad [[hallux]], increased distance between 1st and 2nd [[toes]]
*'''[[Skeletal]]''': [[exostoses]], increase carrying angles, [[joint hypermobility]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation history and symptoms

2021-07-20T03:14:57Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Symptoms */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==History and Symptoms==
===History===
History should focus on the [[birth]] and [[developmental]] history of the child. This would include the [[chief complaints]] arranged in [[chronological]] order and a comprehensive [[prenatal]] and [[perinatal]] history.
[[Developmental]] history in the following domains should be evaluated: [[motor]], [[language]], [[communication]] and [[ability]] for [[self-care]]; [[socioeconomic]], [[cognition]] and [[occupational]]/[[recreational]] activities. [[Medical]] [[comorbidities]] and [[psychiatric]] history must also be obtained as well as a comprehensive [[family history]] including a [[pedigree]] construction, background, and current living conditions. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

===Symptoms===
Hallmark [[symptoms]] of intellectual disability: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

#Delayed [[learning]] of new [[knowledge]] and [[skills]]
#Immature [[social skills]]
#Limited self-care skills
[[Behavioral]] problems also occur in these patients and they are usually precipitated by different factors such as:
#Improper [[training]] in what is a [[socially]] acceptable [[behavior]]
#Inconsistent [[discipline]]
#Reinforcement of [[maladaptive]] [[behavior]]
#Impaired [[communication skills]]
#Co-existing [[physical]] and [[mental disorders]] such as [[anxiety]] and [[depression]].

Symptoms that may point to a [[genetic]] [[metabolic]] disorder include [[failure to thrive]], [[lethargy]], [[vomiting]], [[seizures]], [[hypotonia]], [[hepatomegaly]], [[coarse facies]], [[macroglossia]]. On the other hand, the [[comorbid]] [[neuromuscular]] disease may be suspected in patients with [[developmental delays]] in [[gross motor]] skills, [[fine motor]] skills such as [[pincer]] [[grasp]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation history and symptoms

2021-07-20T03:14:29Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Symptoms */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==History and Symptoms==
===History===
History should focus on the [[birth]] and [[developmental]] history of the child. This would include the [[chief complaints]] arranged in [[chronological]] order and a comprehensive [[prenatal]] and [[perinatal]] history.
[[Developmental]] history in the following domains should be evaluated: [[motor]], [[language]], [[communication]] and [[ability]] for [[self-care]]; [[socioeconomic]], [[cognition]] and [[occupational]]/[[recreational]] activities. [[Medical]] [[comorbidities]] and [[psychiatric]] history must also be obtained as well as a comprehensive [[family history]] including a [[pedigree]] construction, background, and current living conditions. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

===Symptoms===
Hallmark [[symptoms]] of intellectual disability: <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

#Delayed [[learning]] of new [[knowledge]] and [[skills]]
#Immature [[social skills]]
#Limited self-care skills
[[Behavioral]] problems also occur in these patients and they are usually precipitated by different factors such as:
#Improper [[training]] in what is a [[socially]] acceptable [[behavior]]
#Inconsistent [[discipline]]
#Reinforcement of [[maladaptive]] [[behavior]]
#Impaired [[communication skills]]
#Co-existing [[physical]] and [[mental disorders]] such as [[anxiety]] and [[depression]].

Symptoms that may point to a [[genetic]] [[metabolic]] disorder include [[failure to thrive]], [[lethargy]], [[vomiting]], [[seizures]], [[hypotonia]], [[hepatomegaly]], [[coarse facies]], [[macroglossia]]. On the other hand, the [[comorbid]] [[neuromuscular]] disease may be suspected in patients with [[developmental delays]] in [[gross motor]] skills, [[fine motor]] skills such as [[pincer]] [[grasp]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation history and symptoms

2021-07-20T03:14:10Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* History */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==History and Symptoms==
===History===
History should focus on the [[birth]] and [[developmental]] history of the child. This would include the [[chief complaints]] arranged in [[chronological]] order and a comprehensive [[prenatal]] and [[perinatal]] history.
[[Developmental]] history in the following domains should be evaluated: [[motor]], [[language]], [[communication]] and [[ability]] for [[self-care]]; [[socioeconomic]], [[cognition]] and [[occupational]]/[[recreational]] activities. [[Medical]] [[comorbidities]] and [[psychiatric]] history must also be obtained as well as a comprehensive [[family history]] including a [[pedigree]] construction, background, and current living conditions. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}</ref>

===Symptoms===
Hallmark [[symptoms]] of intellectual disability: {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

#Delayed [[learning]] of new [[knowledge]] and [[skills]]
#Immature [[social skills]]
#Limited self-care skills
[[Behavioral]] problems also occur in these patients and they are usually precipitated by different factors such as:
#Improper [[training]] in what is a [[socially]] acceptable [[behavior]]
#Inconsistent [[discipline]]
#Reinforcement of [[maladaptive]] [[behavior]]
#Impaired [[communication skills]]
#Co-existing [[physical]] and [[mental disorders]] such as [[anxiety]] and [[depression]].

Symptoms that may point to a [[genetic]] [[metabolic]] disorder include [[failure to thrive]], [[lethargy]], [[vomiting]], [[seizures]], [[hypotonia]], [[hepatomegaly]], [[coarse facies]], [[macroglossia]]. On the other hand, the [[comorbid]] [[neuromuscular]] disease may be suspected in patients with [[developmental delays]] in [[gross motor]] skills, [[fine motor]] skills such as [[pincer]] [[grasp]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation natural history, complications and prognosis

2021-07-20T03:13:28Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Prognosis */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}} {{Chelsea}}

==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

===Natural History===
ID often is accompanied by other [[mental]], [[medical]], and [[physical]] conditions like [[epilepsy]] and [[cerebral palsy]]. The most common [[comorbid]] [[conditions]] are [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ([[ADHD]]), [[depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[anxiety disorder]], [[autism spectrum disorder]], and [[stereotypical]] [[movement]] disorder. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>

===Prognosis===
People with mild to moderate ID are able to live independently and be successful at jobs requiring simple tasks while people with severe ID will require lifetime support. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation screening

2021-07-20T03:12:57Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Screening */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Chelsea}}
==Overview==
Screening for patients with a suspected intellectual disability includes standardized intelligence assessments, adaptive functioning, genetic tests, and neuroimaging modalities.

==Screening==
Evaluation is dependent on [[age]] at [[onset]], the [[severity]] of [[signs]] and [[symptoms]], and the need to determine the underlying [[etiology]] of ID. A [[comprehensive ]] [[screening]] includes [[clinical assessment]] paying particular attention to [[prenatal]] and [[perinatal]] history and [[family pedigree]], [[psychological testing]], [[karyotyping]] and [[metabolic]] [[screening]], as well as [[neuroimaging]] tests. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaidd.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/idd-d-20-00058_r28c0757ae9e8c6329b425ff0000b6faa6.pdf?sfvrsn=e78b3421_0 |title=www.aaidd.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
<ref name="MoeschlerShevell2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moeschler|first1=J. B.|last2=Shevell|first2=M.|title=Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=134|issue=3|year=2014|pages=e903–e918|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1839}}</ref>
===Intelligence assessment===
[[Intelligence Quotient]] [[(IQ)]] is the standard for estimating [[intellectual function]]. [[Standardized]] [[tools]] such as the [[Wechsler scale]] is administered to children 6-16 years old, while a brief [[assessment tool]] such as the [[Kauffman Brief Intelligence Test]] is an alternative if the [[Wechsler test]] is not possible. The mean value of [[IQ]] is 100, and 70-75 represents the upper limit of two [[standard deviations]] below the [[mean]]. Several factors may [[influence]] [[intelligence assessment]], and this includes [[measurement error]], [[Flynn effect]], [[practice effects]], [[outliers]], and [[test]] [[selection]], to name a few. <ref name="MoeschlerShevell2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moeschler|first1=J. B.|last2=Shevell|first2=M.|title=Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=134|issue=3|year=2014|pages=e903–e918|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1839}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref>

===Adaptive function assessment===
The [[Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale]] evaluates [[communication]], ability to perform [[activities of daily living (ADL)]], [[motor]] and [[socialization]]. Another [[assessment tool]] is [[AAIDD's Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS)]], administered to individuals 4-21 years old. This tool focuses on the "cut-off" area for ruling in a diagnosis of ID to determine eligibility for [[special education]] services, [[social security]] [[benefits]], and [[home]] and [[community-based]] [[waiver services]]. <ref name="NavasZhang2016">{{cite journal|last1=Navas|first1=Patricia|last2=Zhang|first2=Dalun|last3=Widaman|first3=Keith F.|last4=Spreat|first4=Scott|last5=Borthwick-Duffy|first5=Sharon A.|last6=Bersani|first6=Henry (Hank)|last7=Balboni|first7=Giulia|last8=Thissen|first8=David|last9=Schalock|first9=Robert L.|last10=Tassé|first10=Marc J.|title=Development and Standardization of the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale: Application of Item Response Theory to the Assessment of Adaptive Behavior|journal=American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities|volume=121|issue=2|year=2016|pages=79–94|issn=1944-7558|doi=10.1352/1944-7558-121.2.79}}</ref> <ref name="ZhangWidaman2012">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Dalun|last2=Widaman|first2=Keith F|last3=Thissen|first3=David|last4=Spreat|first4=Scott|last5=Borthwick-Duffy|first5=Sharon A|last6=Bersani|first6=Hank|last7=Balboni|first7=Giulia|last8=Schalock|first8=Robert L|last9=Tassé|first9=Marc J|title=The Construct of Adaptive Behavior: Its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Use in the Field of Intellectual Disability|journal=American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities|volume=117|issue=4|year=2012|pages=291–303|issn=1944-7558|doi=10.1352/1944-7558-117.4.291}}</ref>
===Genetic and Metabolic Testing===
[[Newborn screening]] programs [[screen]] for [[inborn errors of metabolism]] with a yield of < 1%, and [[chromosomal analysis]] is required in children with unknown causes of ID with a yield of 12%. While [[genetic]] tests help discern the [[prognosis]] and [[treatment plan]], it should be taken into account that these are expensive, and the findings may not reflect the [[phenotype]] of an individual. <ref name="PatelApple2018">{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Dilip R.|last2=Apple|first2=Roger|last3=Kanungo|first3=Shibani|last4=Akkal|first4=Ashley|title=Intellectual disability: definitions, evaluation and principles of treatment|journal=Pediatric Medicine|volume=1|year=2018|pages=11–11|issn=26175428|doi=10.21037/pm.2018.12.02}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation causes

2021-07-20T03:11:35Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Environmental Factors */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Possible [[causes]] for intellectual disability can be divided into [[genetic]] causes and [[environmental]] factors.

==Causes==
In less than 50% of individuals with [[mild]] ID, a specific cause is identified, and it increases to 75% in those with [[severe]] ID. <ref name="MoeschlerShevell2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moeschler|first1=J. B.|last2=Shevell|first2=M.|title=Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=134|issue=3|year=2014|pages=e903–e918|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1839}}</ref>
===Genetics===
[[Down syndrome]] [[(Trisomy 21)]] is the most common [[genetic]] [[cause]] of ID, while [[Fragile X]] is the most common [[inherited]] [[cause]] of ID.
<ref name="MoeschlerShevell2014">{{cite journal|last1=Moeschler|first1=J. B.|last2=Shevell|first2=M.|title=Comprehensive Evaluation of the Child With Intellectual Disability or Global Developmental Delays|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=134|issue=3|year=2014|pages=e903–e918|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1839}}</ref>

===Environmental Factors===
[[Alcohol]] [[exposure]] during [[pregnancy]], [[lead]] and other [[heavy metals]], [[iodine deficiency]], [[brain infections]], [[congenital rubella syndrome]], and [[cytomegalovirus infections]], as well as [[hypoxic-ischemic injury]], and [[periventricular hemorrhages]] all cause [[brain injury]] resulting in [[disability]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A163146&dswid=-7424 |title=Intellectual Disability and Mental Health Problems : Evaluation of Two Clinical Assessment Instruments, Occurrence of Mental Health Problems and Psychiatric Care Utilisation |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Neurology]]

Mental retardation historical perspective

2021-07-20T03:10:58Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Impact on Cultural History */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==[[Mental Retardation Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

===Discovery===
Intellectual disability traces its roots back to [[ancient civilizations]]. The [[Egyptians]] focused on treating [[disabilities]] and other [[ailments]], while [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] [[Civilizations]] negatively viewed [[disability]], killing those with disabilities. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[intellectual disability]] revolved around [[religion]] and [[superstitions]]. The [[Church]] became a [[refuge]] for the [[individual]] with disabilities by providing shelter. The [[Restoration period]] associated [["idiocy"]] and [[mental illness]] with [[immortality]] for which having a [[disability]] is a [[punishment]].
In the [[17th century]], [[John Locke]] differentiated intellectual disabilities from [[physical ones]], where both [[mental]] and [[emotional]] [[deficits]] characterized [[intellectual]] [[disabilities]]. [[Oxford]] [[Philosopher]] [[Willis]] pinpointed various [[etiologies]] for a [[mental disability]] such as [[heredity]], [[trauma]], other [[diseases]], and [[spirits]]. <ref name="RothSarawgi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Emily A.|last2=Sarawgi|first2=Shivali N.|last3=Fodstad|first3=Jill C.|title=History of Intellectual Disabilities|year=2019|pages=3–16|issn=2192-922X|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1}}</ref>

===Impact on Cultural History===
Previously, intellectual disability is known by the terms [[mental retardation]] that included the categories of an [[idiot]], [[imbecile]] and [[moron]]. These terms are based on [[IQ]] test scores. In 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] signed [[Rosa's law]], which removed "[[mental retardation]]" and [[mentally retarded]] from [[federal]] use. This change was also implemented in the [[DSM5]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=+https://www.psychdb.com/child/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability (ID) - PsychDB |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:10:03Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}

==Overview==
The [[prevalence]] of intellectual disability has remained [[stable]] over the years. It is noted that it occurs more in [[males]] and there is no [[racial]] predilection when it comes to the [[prevalence]] of this condition.

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The [[prevalence]] is 1% in the general [[population]], with 6 per 1000 persons having a [[severe]] [[mental disability]]. During 2014–2016, the [[prevalence]] of children ever diagnosed with any [[developmental disability]] significantly increased, from 5.76% in 2014 to 6.99% in 2016 while the [[prevalence]] of [[children]] ever diagnosed with [[intellectual disability]] did not significantly change from 2014 to 2016. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>

===Age===
The prevalence of intellectual disability was lower among younger children than older children: 0.73% among children aged 3–7 years, 1.45% among children aged 8–12 years, and 1.40% among children aged 13–17 years. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Race===
The prevalence of children diagnosed with intellectual disability did not differ significantly by race and Hispanic ethnicity. The difference in the prevalence of intellectual disability between non-Hispanic black children (1.53%) and non-Hispanic other children (0.86%) was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Gender===
[[Males]] are more likely to have a [[mental disability]] with a ratio of 2:1. During 2014–2016, the prevalence of children ever diagnosed with intellectual disability was 1.48% among boys and 0.90% among girls. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Developed Countries===
In the United States, individuals with a [[severe]] [[intellectual disability]] are at 0.3-0.5% and 9.21 per 1000 people in [[developed countries]]. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref>

===Developing Countries===
Prevalence is at 16.41 per 1000 people in [[developing countries]]. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:07:59Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Developing Countries */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The [[prevalence]] is 1% in the general [[population]], with 6 per 1000 persons having a [[severe]] [[mental disability]]. During 2014–2016, the [[prevalence]] of children ever diagnosed with any [[developmental disability]] significantly increased, from 5.76% in 2014 to 6.99% in 2016 while the [[prevalence]] of [[children]] ever diagnosed with [[intellectual disability]] did not significantly change from 2014 to 2016. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>

===Age===
The prevalence of intellectual disability was lower among younger children than older children: 0.73% among children aged 3–7 years, 1.45% among children aged 8–12 years, and 1.40% among children aged 13–17 years. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Race===
The prevalence of children diagnosed with intellectual disability did not differ significantly by race and Hispanic ethnicity. The difference in the prevalence of intellectual disability between non-Hispanic black children (1.53%) and non-Hispanic other children (0.86%) was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Gender===
[[Males]] are more likely to have a [[mental disability]] with a ratio of 2:1. During 2014–2016, the prevalence of children ever diagnosed with intellectual disability was 1.48% among boys and 0.90% among girls. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Developed Countries===
In the United States, individuals with a [[severe]] [[intellectual disability]] are at 0.3-0.5% and 9.21 per 1000 people in [[developed countries]]. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref>

===Developing Countries===
Prevalence is at 16.41 per 1000 people in [[developing countries]]. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:07:40Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Developed Countries */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The [[prevalence]] is 1% in the general [[population]], with 6 per 1000 persons having a [[severe]] [[mental disability]]. During 2014–2016, the [[prevalence]] of children ever diagnosed with any [[developmental disability]] significantly increased, from 5.76% in 2014 to 6.99% in 2016 while the [[prevalence]] of [[children]] ever diagnosed with [[intellectual disability]] did not significantly change from 2014 to 2016. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>

===Age===
The prevalence of intellectual disability was lower among younger children than older children: 0.73% among children aged 3–7 years, 1.45% among children aged 8–12 years, and 1.40% among children aged 13–17 years. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Race===
The prevalence of children diagnosed with intellectual disability did not differ significantly by race and Hispanic ethnicity. The difference in the prevalence of intellectual disability between non-Hispanic black children (1.53%) and non-Hispanic other children (0.86%) was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Gender===
[[Males]] are more likely to have a [[mental disability]] with a ratio of 2:1. During 2014–2016, the prevalence of children ever diagnosed with intellectual disability was 1.48% among boys and 0.90% among girls. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Developed Countries===
In the United States, individuals with a [[severe]] [[intellectual disability]] are at 0.3-0.5% and 9.21 per 1000 people in [[developed countries]]. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref>

===Developing Countries===

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:06:51Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Region */

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:06:39Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Gender */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The [[prevalence]] is 1% in the general [[population]], with 6 per 1000 persons having a [[severe]] [[mental disability]]. During 2014–2016, the [[prevalence]] of children ever diagnosed with any [[developmental disability]] significantly increased, from 5.76% in 2014 to 6.99% in 2016 while the [[prevalence]] of [[children]] ever diagnosed with [[intellectual disability]] did not significantly change from 2014 to 2016. <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}} </ref>

===Age===
The prevalence of intellectual disability was lower among younger children than older children: 0.73% among children aged 3–7 years, 1.45% among children aged 8–12 years, and 1.40% among children aged 13–17 years. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Race===
The prevalence of children diagnosed with intellectual disability did not differ significantly by race and Hispanic ethnicity. The difference in the prevalence of intellectual disability between non-Hispanic black children (1.53%) and non-Hispanic other children (0.86%) was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Gender===
[[Males]] are more likely to have a [[mental disability]] with a ratio of 2:1. During 2014–2016, the prevalence of children ever diagnosed with intellectual disability was 1.48% among boys and 0.90% among girls. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Neurodevelopmental Disorders|year=2013|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01}}</ref> <ref name="MaulikMascarenhas2011">{{cite journal|last1=Maulik|first1=Pallab K.|last2=Mascarenhas|first2=Maya N.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Dua|first4=Tarun|last5=Saxena|first5=Shekhar|title=Prevalence of intellectual disability: A meta-analysis of population-based studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=32|issue=2|year=2011|pages=419–436|issn=08914222|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.018}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:05:57Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Race */

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:05:20Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Age */

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:04:30Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate */

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:04:20Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Prevalence */

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T03:04:07Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Incidence */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
The [[prevalence]] is 1% in the general [[population]], with 6 per 1000 persons having a [[severe]] [[mental disability]]. During 2014–2016, the [[prevalence]] of children ever diagnosed with any [[developmental disability]] significantly increased, from 5.76% in 2014 to 6.99% in 2016 while the [[prevalence]] of [[children]] ever diagnosed with [[intellectual disability]] did not significantly change from 2014 to 2016. {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation epidemiology and demographics

2021-07-20T02:59:49Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Prevalence */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Chelsea}} {{KS}}

==Overview==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===

===Prevalence===
The [[prevalence]] is 1% in the general [[population]], with 6 per 1000 persons having a [[severe]] [[mental disability]]. During 2014–2016, the [[prevalence]] of children ever diagnosed with any [[developmental disability]] significantly increased, from 5.76% in 2014 to 6.99% in 2016 while the [[prevalence]] of [[children]] ever diagnosed with [[intellectual disability]] did not significantly change from 2014 to 2016. {{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db291.htm |title=Products - Data Briefs - Number 291 - November 2017 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].

===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
*[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
*[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
*[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

===Race===
*There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

===Developed Countries===

===Developing Countries===

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria]]
[[Category:Psychiatric Disease]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]

Mental retardation historical perspective

2021-07-20T02:44:20Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* [Mental Retardation Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]] */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==[[Mental Retardation Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

===Discovery===
Intellectual disability traces its roots back to [[ancient civilizations]]. The [[Egyptians]] focused on treating [[disabilities]] and other [[ailments]], while [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] [[Civilizations]] negatively viewed [[disability]], killing those with disabilities. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[intellectual disability]] revolved around [[religion]] and [[superstitions]]. The [[Church]] became a [[refuge]] for the [[individual]] with disabilities by providing shelter. The [[Restoration period]] associated [["idiocy"]] and [[mental illness]] with [[immortality]] for which having a [[disability]] is a [[punishment]].
In the [[17th century]], [[John Locke]] differentiated intellectual disabilities from [[physical ones]], where both [[mental]] and [[emotional]] [[deficits]] characterized [[intellectual]] [[disabilities]]. [[Oxford]] [[Philosopher]] [[Willis]] pinpointed various [[etiologies]] for a [[mental disability]] such as [[heredity]], [[trauma]], other [[diseases]], and [[spirits]]. <ref name="RothSarawgi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Emily A.|last2=Sarawgi|first2=Shivali N.|last3=Fodstad|first3=Jill C.|title=History of Intellectual Disabilities|year=2019|pages=3–16|issn=2192-922X|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1}}</ref>

===Impact on Cultural History===
Previously, intellectual disability is known by the terms [[mental retardation]] that included the categories of an [[idiot]], [[imbecile]] and [[moron]]. These terms are based on [[IQ]] test scores. In 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] signed [[Rosa's law]], which removed "[[mental retardation]]" and [[mentally retarded]] from [[federal]] use. This change was also implemented in the [[DSM5]]. {{cite web |url=+https://www.psychdb.com/child/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability (ID) - PsychDB |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation historical perspective

2021-07-20T02:43:57Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Historical Perspective */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==[Mental Retardation Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

===Discovery===
Intellectual disability traces its roots back to [[ancient civilizations]]. The [[Egyptians]] focused on treating [[disabilities]] and other [[ailments]], while [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] [[Civilizations]] negatively viewed [[disability]], killing those with disabilities. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[intellectual disability]] revolved around [[religion]] and [[superstitions]]. The [[Church]] became a [[refuge]] for the [[individual]] with disabilities by providing shelter. The [[Restoration period]] associated [["idiocy"]] and [[mental illness]] with [[immortality]] for which having a [[disability]] is a [[punishment]].
In the [[17th century]], [[John Locke]] differentiated intellectual disabilities from [[physical ones]], where both [[mental]] and [[emotional]] [[deficits]] characterized [[intellectual]] [[disabilities]]. [[Oxford]] [[Philosopher]] [[Willis]] pinpointed various [[etiologies]] for a [[mental disability]] such as [[heredity]], [[trauma]], other [[diseases]], and [[spirits]]. <ref name="RothSarawgi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Emily A.|last2=Sarawgi|first2=Shivali N.|last3=Fodstad|first3=Jill C.|title=History of Intellectual Disabilities|year=2019|pages=3–16|issn=2192-922X|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1}}</ref>

===Impact on Cultural History===
Previously, intellectual disability is known by the terms [[mental retardation]] that included the categories of an [[idiot]], [[imbecile]] and [[moron]]. These terms are based on [[IQ]] test scores. In 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] signed [[Rosa's law]], which removed "[[mental retardation]]" and [[mentally retarded]] from [[federal]] use. This change was also implemented in the [[DSM5]]. {{cite web |url=+https://www.psychdb.com/child/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability (ID) - PsychDB |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation overview

2021-07-20T02:42:11Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Historical Perspective */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==[[Mental Retardation Overview|Overview]]==
Intellectual disability (ID) belongs to [[neurodevelopmental]] [[disorders]] that affect [[children]] and [[adolescents]] during the [[developmental]] [[period]]. It is categorized into four subclasses that determine the need for [[support]]. This condition is characterized by [[impairments]] in both [[intellectual]] and [[adaptive]] [[functions]]. [[Research]] involving ID has found that [[genes]] that [[encode]] [[cognitive]] abilities play an essential role in its [[pathophysiology]]. An [[interplay]] of [[environment]] and [[genetics]] can cause ID, and [[comprehensive]] [[screening]] is done in these cases. More importantly, ID has existing [[co-morbid]] [[conditions]], which makes [[treatment]] and [[care]] a [[challenge]].

==[[Mental Retardation Historical Perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

==Classification==

==Pathophysiology==

==Causes==

==Differentiating Xyz from Other Diseases==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==

==Risk Factors==

==Screening==

==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===

===History and Symptoms===

===Physical Examination===

===Laboratory Findings===

===Electrocardiogram===

===X-ray===

===Echocardiography and Ultrasound===

===CT scan===

===MRI===

===Other Imaging Findings===

===Other Diagnostic Studies===

==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===

=== Interventions ===

===Surgery===

===Primary Prevention===

===Secondary Prevention===

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation overview

2021-07-20T02:41:37Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==[[Mental Retardation Overview|Overview]]==
Intellectual disability (ID) belongs to [[neurodevelopmental]] [[disorders]] that affect [[children]] and [[adolescents]] during the [[developmental]] [[period]]. It is categorized into four subclasses that determine the need for [[support]]. This condition is characterized by [[impairments]] in both [[intellectual]] and [[adaptive]] [[functions]]. [[Research]] involving ID has found that [[genes]] that [[encode]] [[cognitive]] abilities play an essential role in its [[pathophysiology]]. An [[interplay]] of [[environment]] and [[genetics]] can cause ID, and [[comprehensive]] [[screening]] is done in these cases. More importantly, ID has existing [[co-morbid]] [[conditions]], which makes [[treatment]] and [[care]] a [[challenge]].

==Historical Perspective==

==Classification==

==Pathophysiology==

==Causes==

==Differentiating Xyz from Other Diseases==

==Epidemiology and Demographics==

==Risk Factors==

==Screening==

==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis==

==Diagnosis==
===Diagnostic Study of Choice===

===History and Symptoms===

===Physical Examination===

===Laboratory Findings===

===Electrocardiogram===

===X-ray===

===Echocardiography and Ultrasound===

===CT scan===

===MRI===

===Other Imaging Findings===

===Other Diagnostic Studies===

==Treatment==
===Medical Therapy===

=== Interventions ===

===Surgery===

===Primary Prevention===

===Secondary Prevention===

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{WH}}

{{WS}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation secondary prevention

2021-07-20T02:39:10Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Secondary Prevention */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
==Secondary Prevention==
Referral to an early [[intervention]] program as soon as the diagnosis of ID is a must. A [[multidisciplinary team]] consisting of [[neurologists]], developmental-behavioral [[pediatricians]], [[orthopedists]], [[physical]] and [[occupational therapists]], [[speech pathologists]] and [[audiologists]], [[nutritionists]], [[social workers]], and [[psychologists]] are involved in the patient’s care. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation secondary prevention

2021-07-20T02:39:01Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}
==Secondary Prevention==
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include:
*[Strategy 1]
*[Strategy 2]
*[Strategy 3]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation interventions

2021-07-20T02:38:32Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Treatment should address the underlying cause of ID, treatment of [[comorbid]] [[physical]] disorders that may further [[impair]] functioning, such as [[pharmacologic]] treatment for [[behavioral disorders]] in [[Fragile X]] patients, and institution of [[special education]], [[rehabilitation]], and [[psychosocial]] [[interventions]]. <ref name="HagermanPolussa2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hagerman|first1=Randi J.|last2=Polussa|first2=Jonathan|title=Treatment of the psychiatric problems associated with fragile X syndrome|journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry|volume=28|issue=2|year=2015|pages=107–112|issn=0951-7367|doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000131}}</ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK332877/ |title=Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities - Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation primary prevention

2021-07-20T02:38:04Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Primary Prevention==
*'''[[Vaccines]]''' prevent [[infectious]] causes of ID such as [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[H. influenzae]] [[meningitis]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*'''Avoiding [[alcohol]]''' during [[pregnancy]] prevents [[fetal alcohol syndrome]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*'''[[Folate]] supplementation at 400-800 mcg/day''' in women three months before [[conception]] through the [[first trimester]] reduces the risk for [[neural tube defects]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation primary prevention

2021-07-20T02:37:50Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Primary Prevention */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

==Primary Prevention==
*'''[[Vaccines]]''' prevent [[infectious]] causes of ID such as [[congenital rubella syndrome]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[H. influenzae]] [[meningitis]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*'''Avoiding [[alcohol]]''' during [[pregnancy]] prevents [[fetal alcohol syndrome]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}
*'''[[Folate]] supplementation at 400-800 mcg/day''' in women three months before [[conception]] through the [[first trimester]] reduces the risk for [[neural tube defects]]. {{cite web |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/intellectual-disability |title=Intellectual Disability - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition |format= |work= |accessdate=}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation surgery

2021-07-20T02:37:07Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Surgery */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of intellectual disability.

==Indications==

*Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
*Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
**[Indication 1]
**[Indication 2]
**[Indication 3]
*The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
**[Indication 1]
**[Indication 2]
**[Indication 3]

==Surgery==
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of intellectual disability.

==Contraindications==

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation surgery

2021-07-20T02:36:57Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of intellectual disability.

==Indications==

*Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].
OR
*Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
**[Indication 1]
**[Indication 2]
**[Indication 3]
*The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
**[Indication 1]
**[Indication 2]
**[Indication 3]

==Surgery==

*The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.
OR
*Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

==Contraindications==

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation interventions

2021-07-20T02:36:28Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Indications */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
There are no recommended therapeutic interventions for the management of intellectual disability.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation interventions

2021-07-20T02:36:20Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
There are no recommended therapeutic interventions for the management of intellectual disability.

==Indications==

The mainstay of treatment for TT is medical therapy.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation medical therapy

2021-07-20T02:35:53Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Some confirmed [[etiologies]] for [[intellectual disabilities]] can be prevented with different treatment modalities such as [[enzyme supplementation]] or [[chelation]] in cases of [[Wilson's disease]]. Symptomatic treatment is also instituted in cases of [[seizures]] in [[tuberous sclerosis]].

==Medical Therapy==
Medical intervention for identified causes of intellectual disability should be instituted. {{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}
*'''Replacement of deficient molecules'''
**[[Thyroxine]] supplementation for [[congenital hypothyroidism]]
**[[Enzyme]] [[replacement]] therapy
**[[Copper]] [[histidine]] for [[Menkes disease]]
*'''Small [[molecule]] therapy'''
**[[Pyridoxine]], [[Vitamin B12]], and [[folate]] for [[homocystinuria]]
**Low [[phenylalanine]] diet for [[phenylketonuria]]
*'''[[Vigabatrin]] for [[tuberous sclerosis]]'''
*'''[[Chelation]] in cases of [[Wilson disease]]'''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]

Mental retardation medical therapy

2021-07-20T02:35:16Z

Chelsea Mae Nobleza: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Mental retardation}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Chelsea}}

==Overview==
Some confirmed etiologies for intellectual disabilities can be prevented with different treatment modalities such as enzyme supplementation or chelation in cases of Wilson's disease. Symptomatic treatment is also instituted in cases of seizures in tuberous sclerosis.

==Medical Therapy==
Medical intervention for identified causes of intellectual disability should be instituted. {{cite journal |vauthors=Kishore MT, Udipi GA, Seshadri SP |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=61 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=194–210 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30745696 |pmc=6345136 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_507_18 |url=}}
*'''Replacement of deficient molecules'''
**[[Thyroxine]] supplementation for [[congenital hypothyroidism]]
**[[Enzyme]] [[replacement]] therapy
**[[Copper]] [[histidine]] for [[Menkes disease]]
*'''Small [[molecule]] therapy'''
**[[Pyridoxine]], [[Vitamin B12]], and [[folate]] for [[homocystinuria]]
**Low [[phenylalanine]] diet for [[phenylketonuria]]
*'''[[Vigabatrin]] for [[tuberous sclerosis]]'''
*'''[[Chelation]] in cases of [[Wilson disease]]'''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Disability]]