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Acute respiratory distress syndrome laboratory tests

2020-10-14T00:26:11Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{BShaller}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of ARDS include severe [[hypoxemia]] (low PaO2 with decreased P/F ratio) and [[hypercapnia]] (increased PaCO2) secondary to an increase in pulmonary dead space.

==Laboratory Findings==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of ARDS include an [[PaO2|arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)]] that is inappropriately low relative to the [[FiO2|fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2)]]. This is referred to as the PaO2/FIO2 ratio (sometimes abbreviated as ''P/F ratio'') and is calculated by dividing the PaO2 (in mmHg) by the FIO2 (as a decimal rather than a percentage). Below are three examples of P/F ratio calculations that correspond to the three different [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome classification|degrees of ARDS severity]]:
*A patient with a '''PaO2 of 80 mm Hg''' who is [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] with an '''FIO2 of 35%''' and a '''PEEP of 5 cm H2O''' has a '''PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 80/0.35 = 229''' ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic criteria|''mild ARDS'']])
*A patient with a '''PaO2 of 80 mm Hg''' who is [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] with an '''FIO2 of 50%''' and a '''PEEP of 5 cm H2O''' has a '''PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 80/0.40 = 160''' ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic criteria|''moderate ARDS'']])
*A patient with a '''PaO2 of 80 mm Hg''' who is [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] with an '''FIO2 of 80%''' and a '''PEEP of 5 cm H2O''' has a '''PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 80/0.80 = 100''' ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic criteria|''severe ARDS'']])

In addition to severe [[hypoxemia]], [[hypercapnia]] (increased PaCO2) secondary to an increased pulmonary dead space may also be present.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kasper | first = Dennis | title = Harrison's principles of internal medicine | publisher = McGraw Hill Education | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0071802154 }}</ref>

==Additional Laboratory Tests==
Other notable diagnostic findings are those that support an underlying diagnosis that may have led to the development of ARDS (e.g., positive [[blood cultures]] and an elevated [[white blood cell]] count in a [[Sepsis|septic patient]] or an elevated [[lipase]] in a patient with [[acute pancreatitis]]). Additional laboratory tests that may be helpful in diagnosing the underlying cause of ARDS include:
*[[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gas analysis]]
*[[CBC|Complete blood count (CBC) with differential]]
*[[Comprehensive metabolic panel]] ([[BMP|serum electrolytes]], [[BUN|blood urea nitrogen]] and [[creatinine]], and [[LFT|tests of liver function]])
*Coagulation studies ([[partial thromboplastin time]] and [[prothrombin time]] with [[international normalized ratio]])
*[[Blood culture|Blood]], [[Sputum culture|sputum]], and [[Urine culture|urine cultures]]
*[[Lactic acidosis|Serum lactate level]]

Further testing should be guided by clinical suspicion and the patient's medical history. These laboratory tests include:
*[[Lipase|Serum lipase level]]
*Urine or blood [[toxicology]] tests
*[[Blood alcohol content|Blood alcohol level]]
*[[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]] test
*[[Viral pneumonia|Respiratory virus]] screen (direct fluorescent antibody [DFA] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] [PCR] assay)
*[[Influenza virus]] testing
*[[Fungus|Fungal]] cultures
*Tests for [[Atypical pneumonia|atypical pathogens that may cause pneumonia]]:<ref name="pmidPMID: 30872586">{{cite journal| author=Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, Arabi YM, Beitler JR, Mercat A | display-authors=etal| title=Acute respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2019 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 18 | pmid=PMID: 30872586 | doi=10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0 | pmc=6709677 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30872586 }} </ref>
:*[[Legionella pneumophila|''Legionella pneumophila'']] culture and urine [[antigen]] testing
:*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae|''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'']] culture and [[antibody titers]]
:*[[Pneumocystis jirovecii|''Pneumocystis jirovecii'']] sputum [[silver stain]] and culture
:*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'']] sputum smear for [[AFB|acid-fast bacilli (AFB)]] and culture

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Acute respiratory distress syndrome laboratory tests

2020-10-14T00:25:39Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{BShaller}}

==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of ARDS include severe [[hypoxemia]] (low PaO2 with decreased P/F ratio) and [[hypercapnia]] (increased PaCO2) secondary to an increase in pulmonary dead space.

==Laboratory Findings==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of ARDS include an [[PaO2|arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)]] that is inappropriately low relative to the [[FiO2|fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2)]]. This is referred to as the PaO2/FIO2 ratio (sometimes abbreviated as ''P/F ratio'') and is calculated by dividing the PaO2 (in mmHg) by the FIO2 (as a decimal rather than a percentage). Below are three examples of P/F ratio calculations that correspond to the three different [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome classification|degrees of ARDS severity]]:
*A patient with a '''PaO2 of 80 mm Hg''' who is [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] with an '''FIO2 of 35%''' and a '''PEEP of 5 cm H2O''' has a '''PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 80/0.35 = 229''' ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic criteria|''mild ARDS'']])
*A patient with a '''PaO2 of 80 mm Hg''' who is [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] with an '''FIO2 of 50%''' and a '''PEEP of 5 cm H2O''' has a '''PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 80/0.40 = 160''' ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic criteria|''moderate ARDS'']])
*A patient with a '''PaO2 of 80 mm Hg''' who is [[mechanical ventilation|mechanically ventilated]] with an '''FIO2 of 80%''' and a '''PEEP of 5 cm H2O''' has a '''PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 80/0.80 = 100''' ([[Acute respiratory distress syndrome diagnostic criteria|''severe ARDS'']])

In addition to severe [[hypoxemia]], [[hypercapnia]] (increased PaCO2) secondary to an increased pulmonary dead space may also be present.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kasper | first = Dennis | title = Harrison's principles of internal medicine | publisher = McGraw Hill Education | location = New York | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0071802154 }}</ref>

==Additional Laboratory Tests==
Other notable diagnostic findings are those that support an underlying diagnosis that may have led to the development of ARDS (e.g., positive [[blood cultures]] and an elevated [[white blood cell]] count in a [[Sepsis|septic patient]] or an elevated [[lipase]] in a patient with [[acute pancreatitis]]). Additional laboratory tests that may be helpful in diagnosing the underlying cause of ARDS include:
*[[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gas analysis]]
*[[CBC|Complete blood count (CBC) with differential]]
*[[Comprehensive metabolic panel]] ([[BMP|serum electrolytes]], [[BUN|blood urea nitrogen]] and [[creatinine]], and [[LFT|tests of liver function]])
*Coagulation studies ([[partial thromboplastin time]] and [[prothrombin time]] with [[international normalized ratio]])
*[[Blood culture|Blood]], [[Sputum culture|sputum]], and [[Urine culture|urine cultures]]
*[[Lactic acidosis|Serum lactate level]]

Further testing should be guided by clinical suspicion and the patient's medical history. These laboratory tests include:
*[[Lipase|Serum lipase level]]
*Urine or blood [[toxicology]] tests
*[[Blood alcohol content|Blood alcohol level]]
*[[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]] test
*[[Viral pneumonia|Respiratory virus]] screen (direct fluorescent antibody [DFA] or [[polymerase chain reaction]] [PCR] assay)
*[[Influenza virus]] testing
*[[Fungus|Fungal]] cultures
*Tests for [[Atypical pneumonia|atypical pathogens that may cause pneumonia]]:<ref name="pmidPMID: 30872586">{{cite journal| author=Matthay MA, Zemans RL, Zimmerman GA, Arabi YM, Beitler JR, Mercat A | display-authors=etal| title=Acute respiratory distress syndrome. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2019 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 18 | pmid=PMID: 30872586 | doi=10.1038/s41572-019-0069-0 | pmc=6709677 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30872586 }} </ref>
:*[[Legionella pneumophila|''Legionella pneumophila'']] culture and urine [[antigen]] testing
:*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae|''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'']] culture and [[antibody titers]]
:*[[Pneumocystis jirovecii|''Pneumocystis jirovecii'']] sputum [[silver stain]] and culture
:*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'']] sputum smear for [[AFB|acid-fast bacilli (AFB)]] and culture

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Acute respiratory distress syndrome physical examination

2020-10-14T00:21:49Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{BShaller}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There are no [[pathognomonic]] physical exam findings of ARDS. The most notable physical exam findings include [[respiratory distress]] as well as findings indicative of the underlying illness, [[injury]], [[shock]], and [[end organ damage]].

==Physical Examination==
The physical exam findings of a patient with ARDS vary according to the underlying cause and typically develop within 24 to 48 hours of the precipitating [[illness]] or [[injury]] and progress over the course of 1 to 2 weeks. Common physical findings include:

===Vital Signs===
The presence of the following signs of [[shock]] or [[infection]] on physical examination are highly suggestive of ARDS:
*[[Temperature|'''Temperature (Temp, T)''']]: [[Hyperpyrexia]] ≥ 38°C or 100.4°F) or low temperature < 36°C or 96.8°F
*[[Blood pressure|'''Blood pressure (BP)''']]: inappropriately low, with a low [[Mean arterial pressure|mean arterial pressure (MAP)]]
*[[Heart rate|'''Heart rate (HR)''']]: rapid ([[tachycardia]] > 100 beats/minute), normal, or slow ([[bradycardia]] < 60 beats/minute)
*[[Respiratory rate|'''Respiratory rate (RR)''']]: [[Tachypnea]] > 20 breaths/minute or [[bradypnea]] < 12 breaths/minute
*'''Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)''': low (< 90% on ambient air or a [[FiO2|fraction of inspired oxygen, (FIO2)]] of 21% at [[sea level]])

===Skin===
* [[Cyanosis]] due to poor [[oxygenation]]
* [[Pallor]] due to poor [[perfusion]]

===Lungs===
*[[Tachypnea]]<ref name="pmidPMID: 28613773">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=PMID: 28613773 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*[[Dyspnea]]
*Coarse [[breath sounds]], [[rhonchi]], [[crackles]], or decreased [[breath sounds]]

===Heart===
*[[Tachycardia]] or [[bradycardia]] on heart [[auscultation]]

===Extremities===
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Cool [[extremities]] or reduced [[Pulse|peripheral pulses]] due to poor [[perfusion]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Acute respiratory distress syndrome physical examination

2020-10-14T00:05:53Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{BShaller}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There are no [[pathognomonic]] physical exam findings of ARDS. The most notable physical exam findings include [[respiratory distress]] as well as findings indicative of the underlying illness, [[injury]], [[shock]], and [[end organ damage]].

==Physical Examination==
The physical exam findings of a patient with ARDS vary according to the underlying cause and typically develop within 24 to 48 hours of the precipitating [[illness]] or [[injury]] and progress over the course of 1 to 2 weeks. . Common physical findings include:

===Vital Signs===
The presence of the following signs of [[shock]] or [[infection]] on physical examination are highly suggestive of ARDS:
*[[Temperature|'''Temperature (Temp, T)''']]: [[Hyperpyrexia]] ≥ 38°C or 100.4°F) or low temperature < 36°C or 96.8°F
*[[Blood pressure|'''Blood pressure (BP)''']]: inappropriately low, with a low [[Mean arterial pressure|mean arterial pressure (MAP)]]
*[[Heart rate|'''Heart rate (HR)''']]: rapid ([[tachycardia]] > 100 beats/minute), normal, or slow ([[bradycardia]] < 60 beats/minute)
*[[Respiratory rate|'''Respiratory rate (RR)''']]: [[Tachypnea]] > 20 breaths/minute or [[bradypnea]] < 12 breaths/minute
*'''Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)''': low (< 90% on ambient air or a [[FiO2|fraction of inspired oxygen, (FIO2)]] of 21% at [[sea level]])

===Skin===
* [[Cyanosis]] due to poor [[oxygenation]]
* [[Pallor]] due to poor [[perfusion]]

===Lungs===
*[[Tachypnea]]<ref name="pmidPMID: 28613773">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=PMID: 28613773 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*[[Dyspnea]]
*Coarse [[breath sounds]], [[rhonchi]], [[crackles]], or decreased [[breath sounds]]

===Heart===
*[[Tachycardia]] or [[bradycardia]] on heart [[auscultation]]

===Extremities===
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Cool [[extremities]] or reduced [[Pulse|peripheral pulses]] due to poor [[perfusion]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Acute respiratory distress syndrome physical examination

2020-10-14T00:04:55Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Acute respiratory distress syndrome}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{BShaller}}

==Overview==
There are no [[pathognomonic]] physical exam findings of ARDS. The most notable physical exam findings include [[respiratory distress]] as well as findings indicative of the underlying illness, [[injury]], [[shock]], and [[end organ damage]].

==Physical Examination==
The physical exam findings of a patient with ARDS vary according to the underlying cause and typically develop within 24 to 48 hours of the precipitating [[illness]] or [[injury]] and progress over the course of 1 to 2 weeks. . Common physical findings include:

===Vital Signs===
The presence of the following signs of [[shock]] or [[infection]] on physical examination are highly suggestive of ARDS:
*[[Temperature|'''Temperature (Temp, T)''']]: [[Hyperpyrexia]] ≥ 38°C or 100.4°F) or low temperature < 36°C or 96.8°F
*[[Blood pressure|'''Blood pressure (BP)''']]: inappropriately low, with a low [[Mean arterial pressure|mean arterial pressure (MAP)]]
*[[Heart rate|'''Heart rate (HR)''']]: rapid ([[tachycardia]] > 100 beats/minute), normal, or slow ([[bradycardia]] < 60 beats/minute)
*[[Respiratory rate|'''Respiratory rate (RR)''']]: [[Tachypnea]] > 20 breaths/minute or [[bradypnea]] < 12 breaths/minute
*'''Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)''': low (< 90% on ambient air or a [[FiO2|fraction of inspired oxygen, (FIO2)]] of 21% at [[sea level]])

===Skin===
* [[Cyanosis]] due to poor [[oxygenation]]
* [[Pallor]] due to poor [[perfusion]]

===Lungs===
*[[Tachypnea]]<ref name="pmidPMID: 28613773">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=PMID: 28613773 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*[[Dyspnea]]
*Coarse [[breath sounds]], [[rhonchi]], [[crackles]], or decreased [[breath sounds]]

===Heart===
*[[Tachycardia]] or [[bradycardia]] on heart [[auscultation]]

===Extremities===
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Cool [[extremities]] or reduced [[Pulse|peripheral pulses]] due to poor [[perfusion]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Cough overview

2020-10-01T01:53:57Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{CZ}}, {{MUT}} {{AMA}}
==Overview==
A '''cough''' is a sudden, often repetitive, [[spasm]]odic contraction of the [[thoracic cavity]], resulting in a violent release of air from the [[lung]]s, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. A [[cough]] by itself is not a complete diagnosis but rather a symptom of an underlying condition, despite this, it accounts for one of the most common indications for visits to the general practitioners and family physicians with a good proportion of these cases resulting in a pulmonology referral.

Coughing is an action the body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating the air passages. The act of coughing can be triggered by a myriad of conditions [[physiologic]] and otherwise, A cough is mostly initiated to clear a buildup of [[phlegm]] within the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. Coughing can also be triggered by a [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] of food entering the trachea and other parts of the respiratory tree rather than the [[esophagus]] due to a failure of the [[epiglottis]]. During the management of [[cough]] the duration is an important tool utilized by the clinicians; and when presented with a history of frequent or [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] coughing the presence of an underlying [[disease]] should be suspected. In [[non-smoking]] patients with a normal chest [[X-ray]], chronic cough in 93% of these patients' cohort can be attributed to [[asthma]], [[heartburn]] or [[post-nasal drip]]. Other causes of chronic cough include chronic [[bronchitis]] and medications such as [[ACE inhibitor]]s. Coughing can happen voluntarily as well as involuntarily.

The uncleanness of most cases of cough with regard to etiology, duration, and other precipitating symptoms coupled with the lack of a universal guideline for quantifying [[cough]] results in variability during its assessment. Thus, a thorough evaluation should be done to isolate the etiology of the patient's [[cough]] when they present, and before initiating [[therapy]] for [[symptomatic]] relief.

==Classification==
The accepted classification of cough is that of the ACCP(American college of chest physicians).[[Cough]] is classified into 3 types depending on its duration.

*[[Acute cough]]: last less than 3 weeks
*[[Sub-acute cough]]: last between 3 and 8 weeks.
*[[Chronic cough]]: last longer than 8 weeks.

==Pathophysiology==
The act of coughing is a vital one that leads to the mucociliary clearance of excess secretions from the airway and other parts of the respiratory tree.Cough occurs via a complex neurophysiologic cough [[reflex arc]].
==Causes==
There are various causes of [[cough]],the most common causes are:

*[[Allergic Rhinitis]]
*[[Asthma]]
*[[Bronchiectasis]]
*[[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease]] ([[GERD]])
*[[Post-nasal drip]]

Cough causes can also be classified according to the organ system, see the segment on [[cough causes]] for details.
==Differentiating Cough from other Diseases==
Making a differential diagnosis when a patient presents with a cough can be challenging however when the clinician asks about the other associated symptoms such as fever, vomiting, night sweats, weight loss, sputum production, and quantity, smoking history, drug use and most importantly the duration of the cough, making a differential diagnosis becomes less challenging.See the segment on [[Cough differential diagnosis]] for an extensive overview of the various differential diagnosis of cough.
==Cough Risk Factors==
[[Cough]] is a protective reflex, however, some factors can increase one's risk of having a cough.

*[[Allergies]].
*[[Smoking]].
*[[Air pollution]] due to aerosolized chemicals, dust, smoke, etc.
*Uncontrolled [[Bronchial asthma]] & other [[chronic diseases]].

==Cough natural history, complications, and prognosis==
The various complications associated with cough can be categorized according to systems involved also, Cough complications can also be acute or chronic. See the segment on [[Cough natural history, complications, and prognosis]].
==Cough diagnostic study of choice==
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of cough.

==History & Symptoms==
A detailed cough history should cover the following:

*Onset of symptoms.
*Dry vs Productive cough.If productive, sputum content, color, amount, etc.
*Duration.
*Exacerbating/relieving factors.
*Previous episodes.
*Frequency.
*Drug use eg:[[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors|ACEIs]]

===Other associated cough symptoms includes===

*[[Fever]].
*[[Chills]] and [[Rigor]].
*[[Weight loss]].
*[[wheezing]].
*[[Associated Hemoptysis|Associated hemoptysis]]
*[[Post nasal dripping]]
*[[Allergy history]]
*[[Smoking history]]
*[[Environmental or Occupational exposure to air pollutants]].

==Physical examination==
Once an in-depth history is taken from the patient, a detailed physical examination consisting of [[inspection]], [[palpation]], [[percussion|percussion,]] and [[auscultation]] should be done when evaluating coughing patients.
==Cough laboratory findings==
Some laboratory test used when evaluating cough are:

*[[CBC|Complete blood count]]
*[[C-reactive protein level|CRP]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal swab]]
*[[Sputum analysis & culture]]

==Chest x ray==
Chest X-rays are a go-to investigative tool used by most clinicians when evaluating cough. Despite the routine use of [[CXR]] when evaluating cough, the most common causes of cough in the general population such as [[Gerd]], [[Asthma]] and [[Post nasal drip]] cannot readily be diagnosed by [[CXR]].
==CT==
The use of a high resolution [[CT]] may identify pulmonary parenchymal lesions/diseases that were not readily picked up by [[CXR]] in patients with [[chronic cough]].
==MRI==
The use of MRI in the diagnosis of cough is particularly useful when red flags are noted during the detailed medical history and physical examination of the patient.
==Other imaging studies==

*[[Bronchoscopy]].
*[[Sinus imaging]].

==Treatment==
Treatment of cough depends on its etiology. Cough treatment is mostly medical with the use of [[cough syrups]], [[antibiotics]], modifying lifestyle, etc. The use of [[surgery]] limited to few cases refractory to medical therapy. See the chapter on [[Cough medical therapy]] and [[Cough surgery]] for a detailed [[algorithm]] on cough treatment.
==Cough primary prevention==
Avoiding smoking, areas with air pollution, and proper hand hygienic practices can prevent one from acquiring cough due to other causes.
==Cough secondary prevention==
There are no established guidelines for the secondary prevention of cough.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]

Cough diagnostic study of choice

2020-10-01T01:50:25Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* Overview */

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
== Overview ==
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of cough.

== Diagnostic Study of Choice ==
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of cough

Cough diagnostic study of choice

2020-10-01T01:50:04Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* Diagnostic Study of Choice */

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
== Overview ==

== Diagnostic Study of Choice ==
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of cough

Cough future or investigational therapies

2020-10-01T01:48:35Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
There are no established guidelines for the Future or investigational therapies of cough.
==Future or investigational therapies==
There are no established guidelines for the Future or investigational therapies of cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy

2020-10-01T01:47:49Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
The cost-effectiveness of cough therapy tends to vary depending on the etiology of the cough.
==Cough cost-effectiveness==
The cost-effectiveness of cough therapy tends to vary depending on the etiology of the cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cough secondary prevention

2020-10-01T01:47:31Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
There are no established guidelines for the secondary prevention of [[cough]].
==Secondary prevention==
There are no established guidelines for the secondary prevention of [[cough]].
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cough primary prevention

2020-10-01T01:47:15Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
Cough is needed for clearing the airways of unwanted secretions.
===Cough primary prevention===
Avoiding smoking, areas with air pollution, and proper hand hygienic practices can prevent one from acquiring cough due to other causes.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cough surgery

2020-10-01T01:46:56Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
The use of surgery in the management of cough is limited.
==Cough surgical management==
For patients with [[cough]] due to [[GERD]],surgical options such as [[funduplication]] can be utilized when medical therapy is unsuccessful.<ref name="pmidPMID: 16936230">{{cite journal| author=Morice AH, McGarvey L, Pavord I, British Thoracic Society Cough Guideline Group| title=Recommendations for the management of cough in adults. | journal=Thorax | year= 2006 | volume= 61 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= i1-24 | pmid=PMID: 16936230 | doi=10.1136/thx.2006.065144 | pmc=2080754 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16936230 }} </ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Cough other diagnostic studies

2020-10-01T01:46:30Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
Other diagnostic studies used with cough evaluation include the following.
==Cough other diagnostic studies==
*[[Bronchoprovocation testing]].
*[[Upper airway provocation studies]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 7674743">{{cite journal| author=Bucca C, Rolla G, Brussino L, De Rose V, Bugiani M| title=Are asthma-like symptoms due to bronchial or extrathoracic airway dysfunction? | journal=Lancet | year= 1995 | volume= 346 | issue= 8978 | pages= 791-5 | pmid=PMID: 7674743 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91617-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7674743 }} </ref>
*[[Gastrointestinal investigations]] such as [[24 hour esophageal pH monitoring]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 12353427">{{cite journal| author=Cohen JT, Bach KK, Postma GN, Koufman JA| title=Clinical manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux. | journal=Ear Nose Throat J | year= 2002 | volume= 81 | issue= 9 Suppl 2 | pages= 19-23 | pmid=PMID: 12353427 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12353427 }} </ref>
*[[Spirometric]] and [[peak expiratory flow]] measurements.<ref name="pmidPMID: 15047960">{{cite journal| author=McGarvey LP| title=Cough . 6: Which investigations are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough? | journal=Thorax | year= 2004 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 342-6 | pmid=PMID: 15047960 | doi=10.1136/thx.2004.021832 | pmc=1763813 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15047960 }} </ref>

===Assessing Airways inflammation===
*[[Cough recording]]
*Psychological assessment
*[[Induced sputum]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]

Cough other imaging findings

2020-10-01T01:46:06Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
==Overview==
Other imaging test used during cough evaluation are:
==Cough imaging tests==
*[[Bronchoscopy]].
*[[Sinus imaging]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 15047960">{{cite journal| author=McGarvey LP| title=Cough . 6: Which investigations are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough? | journal=Thorax | year= 2004 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 342-6 | pmid=PMID: 15047960 | doi=10.1136/thx.2004.021832 | pmc=1763813 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15047960 }} </ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough echocardiography or ultrasound

2020-10-01T01:45:39Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
The echocardiography/ultrasound findings of [[cough]] are limited.
==Echocardiography/Ultrasound==
Cardiac complications of cough such as [[cough induced syncope]] can be evaluated with [[echocardiography]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 28603595">{{cite journal| author=Ramirez R, Lasam G| title=Cough induced syncope: A hint to cardiac tamponade diagnosis. | journal=World J Cardiol | year= 2017 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 466-469 | pmid=PMID: 28603595 | doi=10.4330/wjc.v9.i5.466 | pmc=5442416 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28603595 }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID: 12677285">{{cite journal| author=Dhar R, Duke RJ, Sealey BJ| title=Cough syncope from constrictive pericarditis: a case report. | journal=Can J Cardiol | year= 2003 | volume= 19 | issue= 3 | pages= 295-6 | pmid=PMID: 12677285 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12677285 }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID: 18307446">{{cite journal| author=Saito Y, Donohue A, Attai S, Vahdat A, Brar R, Handapangoda I | display-authors=etal| title=The syndrome of cardiac tamponade with "small" pericardial effusion. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2008 | volume= 25 | issue= 3 | pages= 321-7 | pmid=PMID: 18307446 | doi=10.1111/j.1540-8175.2007.00567.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18307446 }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID: 17710357">{{cite journal| author=Guntheroth WG| title=Sensitivity and specificity of echocardiographic evidence of tamponade: implications for ventricular interdependence and pulsus paradoxus. | journal=Pediatr Cardiol | year= 2007 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 358-62 | pmid=PMID: 17710357 | doi=10.1007/s00246-005-0807-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17710357 }} </ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough MRI

2020-10-01T01:45:18Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
The use of MRI in the diagnosis of cough is particularly useful when red flags are noted during the detailed medical history and physical examination of the patient.
==MRI==
MRI scans are not readily ordered as an investigative tool for most cases a cough however,MRI images of the lungs can give more detail to patients with chronic cough with an indeterminate [[chest x ray|CXR]] or those with other suspicious lesions on [[CXR]].
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough CT

2020-10-01T01:44:57Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
The routine use of thoracic [[CT]] in the evaluation of cough is limited.
==CT==
The use of a high resolution [[CT]] may identify pulmonary parenchymal lesions/diseases that were not readily picked up by [[CXR]] in patients with [[chronic cough]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 15047960">{{cite journal| author=McGarvey LP| title=Cough . 6: Which investigations are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough? | journal=Thorax | year= 2004 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 342-6 | pmid=PMID: 15047960 | doi=10.1136/thx.2004.021832 | pmc=1763813 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15047960 }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID: 14514949">{{cite journal| author=Morice AH, Kastelik JA| title=Cough. 1: Chronic cough in adults. | journal=Thorax | year= 2003 | volume= 58 | issue= 10 | pages= 901-7 | pmid=PMID: 14514949 | doi=10.1136/thorax.58.10.901 | pmc=1746472 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14514949 }} </ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough chest x ray

2020-10-01T01:44:36Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
Chest X-rays is a go-to investigative tool used by most clinicians when evaluating cough.
==X Rays==
Despite the routine use of [[CXR]] when evaluating cough, the most common causes of cough in the general population such as [[Gerd]],[[Asthma]] and [[Post nasal drip]] cannot readily be diagnosed by [[CXR]].[[Pneumonia]] and other indeterminate lung lesions/diseases can be readily identified on chest x rays; this, however, could prompt the use of higher resolution chest imaging.
Most patients referred to cough clinics have a normal chest radiograph. However, review of a recent film is needed as any significant abnormality will alter the diagnostic algorithm and avoid unnecessary investigation.<ref name="pmidPMID: 15047960">{{cite journal| author=McGarvey LP| title=Cough . 6: Which investigations are most useful in the diagnosis of chronic cough? | journal=Thorax | year= 2004 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 342-6 | pmid=PMID: 15047960 | doi=10.1136/thx.2004.021832 | pmc=1763813 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15047960 }} </ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough electrocardiogram

2020-10-01T01:44:19Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
The use of [[EKG]] in [[cough]] evaluation is limited.
==EKG==
[[Electrocardiograms|Ekg]] can be done as part of the workup for cough if an underlying [[cardiac disease]] is suspected.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough laboratory findings

2020-10-01T01:43:54Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
There is no definite set of laboratory findings that can accurately diagnose cough. However, For patients with cough, specific abnormalities can be noted in their blood tests.
==Cough laboratory findings==
Below are some of the laboratory test that are used when evaluating [[cough]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 24882627">{{cite journal| author=Holzinger F, Beck S, Dini L, Stöter C, Heintze C| title=The diagnosis and treatment of acute cough in adults. | journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int | year= 2014 | volume= 111 | issue= 20 | pages= 356-63 | pmid=PMID: 24882627 | doi=10.3238/arztebl.2014.0356 | pmc=4047603 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24882627 }} </ref>
*[[CBC|Complete blood count]]
*[[C-reactive protein level|CRP]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal swab]]
*[[Sputum analysis & culture]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Cough physical examination

2020-10-01T01:43:36Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
once an in-depth history is taken from the patient, a detailed physical examination should be done when evaluating coughing patients.
==Physical Examination==
The sequence of examination of patients with cough follows the traditional [[inspection]],[[palpation]],[[percussion]] and [[auscultation]].<ref name="pmidPMID: 29630273">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=PMID: 29630273 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID: 29094873">{{cite journal| author=Michaudet C, Malaty J| title=Chronic Cough: Evaluation and Management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2017 | volume= 96 | issue= 9 | pages= 575-580 | pmid=PMID: 29094873 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29094873 }} </ref>
===Inpsection===
This is the first step to any physical examination.
*Is the patient struggling to breathe, i.e. [[dyspnea]]?
*Does the patient look anxious or calm?
*What is the color of the patient's skin? E.g., the dark blue color indicates [[cyanosis]].
*What is the patient's appearance: A cachexic appearance could suggest an underlying chronic disease.
The clinician's sense of smell should also be utilized, a strong smell of stale [[cigarette smoke]] in the patient's cloth could suggest chronic smoking even a foul-smelling diaper in kids could suggest [[fatty stool]] associated with [[cystic fibrosis]] and [[pancreatic insufficiency]].
Inspection should also check the fingers for [[finger clubbing]] and the chest wall for chest wall abnormalities such as [[barrel chest]].
===Palpation===
Palpation in a coughing patient often includes feeling for the centrality of the [[trachea]],a displaced [[trachea]] to the left or right could suggest a [[pneumothorax]].Palpating for tactile fremitus by asking the patient to repeat the word ninety-nine(phrase often used) helps the examiner to identify areas of increased [[parenchymal]] density withing the lungs.Increased [[tactile fremitus]] is noted in conditions such as [[lobar pneumonia]]<ref name="pmidPMID: 10783038">{{cite journal| author=McCracken GH| title=Etiology and treatment of pneumonia. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2000 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 373-7 | pmid=PMID: 10783038 | doi=10.1097/00006454-200004000-00032 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10783038 }} </ref> and decreased fremitus can be associated with pneumothorax or [[pleural effusion]].
===Percussion===
This is usually done by the examiner tapping his dominant hand middle finger on his non-dominant hand middle finger while resting on the chest wall. The percussion note audible can be [[dull]] over areas of [[consolidation]] or [[hyperresonant]] with air trapping.
===Auscultation===
The stethoscope is used to achieve auscultation. With auscultation, different air movement patterns through the lungs and the airways can be heard depending on the location auscultated. The normal [[breath sounds]] are:
*[[Tracheal]].
*[[Bronchial]].
*[[Bronchovesicular]].
*[[Vesicular]].
The [[adventitious sounds]] are associated with different underlying illnesses.
*[[Stridor]]: This is best heard on inspiration. It is associated with airways narrowing. Stridor can be heard in [[croup]].
*[[Crackles]]: Also referred to as [[rales]] is associated with popping open of the air-fluid menisci as the airways dilate with [[inspiration]]. The presence of crackles on auscultation usually indicates excess fluid within the airways, such as in [[pneumonia]] of [[pulmonary edema]].
*[[Rhonchi]]: These are continuous bubbling sounds that can be heard at both [[inspiration]] and [[expiration]].
*[[Wheeze]]: These are continuous musical sounds and are associated with conditions like [[bronchial asthma]] and are commonly heard more in expiration over inspiration.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
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Cough history and symptoms

2020-10-01T01:41:27Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}

{{Cough}}
==Overview==
Making a list of differential diagnosis when a patient presents with a cough can be challenging; however, the clinician should take a detailed cough history. To do this successfully, the clinician must ask himself the following:
*How to classify the [[cough]] based on the duration of symptoms.
*What are some of the additional questions to as about the cough.
*What are the [[red flags]] in this patient.

==Cough History==
A detailed cough history should cover the following:
*Onset of symptoms.
*Dry vs Productive cough.If productive,sputum content,color,amount etc.
*Duration.
*Exacerbating/relieving factors.
*Previous episodes.
*Frequency.
*Drug use eg:[[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors|ACEIs]]

===Associated symptoms===
*[[Fever]]:If a [[fever]] is present the clinician should consider the cough to be [[infectious]] or [[neoplastic]] in origin.
*[[Chills]] and [[Rigor]]: while chills are non specific signs,rigors could suggest [[bacteremia]] or [[viremia]].
*[[Weight loss]]: This is a red flag and it could suggest an underlining [[malignancy]] or ]]infection]] eg [[Tuberculosis]].
*[[wheezing]]: The presence of wheezing could suggest [[bronchial asthma]].
*[[Associated Hemoptysis]].
*[[Post nasal dripping]]: Postnasal drip is a prevalent cause of cough.
*[[Allergy history]]: Patients with seasonal allergies are prone to coughing.
*[[Smoking history]]: A detailed smoking history should be taken.
*[[Environmental or Occupational exposure to air pollutants]].
<ref name="pmidPMID: 29630273">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=PMID: 29630273 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmidPMID: 30729946">{{cite journal| author=Ojuawo OB, Aladesanmi AO, Opeyemi CM, Desalu OO, Fawibe AE, Salami AK| title=Profile of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ilorin who were never-smokers. | journal=Niger J Clin Pract | year= 2019 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 221-226 | pmid=PMID: 30729946 | doi=10.4103/njcp.njcp_344_18 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30729946 }} </ref>
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]

Cough causes

2020-10-01T01:40:17Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} ; {{MUT}} {{AMA}}
==Overview==
A persistent cough can be debilitating, socially distressing, and adversely impair quality of life(Qol). One of the more common presentations to a medical practitioner is a dry cough. The common causes of chronic dry coughing include [[post-nasal drip]], [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], [[asthma]], [[post viral cough]] and certain [[drug]]s such as [[beta blockers]], [[ACE inhibitors]] and [[aspirin]]. If a cough lasts for more than three weeks, multiple causes are likely and symptoms will abate only when all the causes are treated will the patient be symptom-free. Individuals who [[Smoking|smoke]] often have a [[smoker's cough]], a loud, hacking cough which often results in the expiration of [[phlegm]].

Coughing may also be used for psychological or social reasons, such as the coughing before giving a speech. This is known as psychogenic, habit or tic coughing, and may increase in frequency in social situations featuring conflict.
==Causes==

Given its irritant nature to mammal tissues, [[capsaicin]] is widely used to determine the cough threshold and as a tussive stimulant in clinical research of cough suppressants.<ref name="omaretal">{{cite journal | author = Omar S. Usmani, Maria G. Belvisi, Hema J. Patel, Natascia Crispino, Mark A. Birrell, Marta Korbonits, Dezso Korbonits, and Peter J. Barnes | title = Theobromine inhibits sensory nerve activation and cough. | journal = The FASEB Journal | volume = 19 | pages = 231-233 | year = 2005 | url = http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/reprint/19/2/231.pdf | format = pdf | language = english}}</ref><ref>{{citation | title = Coughing as an Indicator of Displacement Behaviour | url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33337.pdf | author = Arella, A. | year = nd }} (Unpublished thesis)</ref>

===Common Causes===
* [[Allergic Rhinitis]]
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Bronchiectasis]]
* [[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease]] ([[GERD]])
* [[Post-nasal drip]]
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |
[[Aortic arch anomalies]],
[[Atrial myxoma]],
[[Beriberi Heart Disease]],
[[Congestive Heart Failure]],
[[Hypotension]],
[[Mitral stenosis]],
[[Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction]],
[[Superior Vena Cava Syndrome]],
[[Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Abrin]],
[[Cadmium poisoning]],
[[Polymer fume fever]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Abacavir ]],
[[Abatacept ]],
[[ABVD]],
[[ACE inhibitor]],
[[Acetylmorphone]],
[[Acyclovir ]],
[[Adalimumab ]],
[[Adefovir ]],
[[Albuterol ]],
[[Alefacept ]],
[[Alfuzosin ]],
[[Aliskiren ]],
[[Amiodarone ]],
[[Amlodipine and Benazepril ]],
[[Amphotericin B ]],
[[Anagrelide ]],
[[Anastrozole ]],
[[Artemether/lumefantrine]],
[[Atazanavir ]],
[[Aztreonam]],
[[Benazepril]],
[[Bepridil ]],
[[Bevacizumab ]],
[[Bitolterol ]],
[[Bortezomib ]],
[[Brimonidine ]],
[[Budesonide]],
[[Busulfan ]],
[[Captopril]],
[[Carvedilol ]],
[[Cetuximab ]],
[[Cevimeline]],
[[Chlorambucil ]],
[[Ciclesonide]],
[[Cladribine ]],
[[Clobutinol]],
[[Clofarabine ]],
[[Clofedanol]],
[[Co-trimoxazole ]],
[[Conjugated estrogens]],
[[crofelemer]],
[[Cromolyn Sodium ]],
[[Cytarabine ]],
[[Dacarbazine ]],
[[Dactinomycin ]],
[[Darbepoetin Alfa ]],[[Denileukin diftitox]],
[[Desmopressin]],
[[Diborane]],
[[Docetaxel ]],
[[Domiodol]],
[[Dornase alfa]],
[[DTPA]],
[[Efalizumab ]],
[[Efavirenz ]],
[[Eltrombopag]],
[[Emtricitabine ]],
[[Enalapril ]],
[[Enfuvirtide]],
[[Epinastine ]],
[[Eplerenone ]],
[[Epoetin Alfa ]],
[[Eprosartan ]],
[[Erlotinib ]],
[[Estradiol Topical ]],
[[Etanercept ]],
[[Febuxostat]],
[[Fexofenadine ]],
[[Floxuridine ]],
[[Fludarabine Phosphate ]],
[[Flunisolide]],
[[Fluorouracil ]],
[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol ]],
[[Fluvastatin ]],
[[Fosamprenavir ]],
[[Fosinopril ]],
[[Gabapentin ]],
[[Gefitinib ]],
[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]],
[[Glyburide and Metformin ]],
[[Granisetron ]],
[[Histrelin ]],
[[Idelalisib]],
[[Ibandronate ]],
[[Idursulfase]],
[[Ifosfamide ]],
[[Iloprost]],
[[Imipramine]],
[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) ]],
[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]],
[[Isoproterenol ]],
[[Ketorolac]],
[[Lamivudine ]],
[[Lamotrigine ]],
[[Letrozole ]],
[[Levalbuterol]],
[[Linagliptin]],
[[Lisinopril ]],
[[Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide]],
[[Lomustine ]], [[Lorcaserin]],
[[Mechlorethamine ]],
[[Melphalan ]],
[[Mercaptopurine ]],
[[Mesalamine ]],
[[Metaproterenol ]],
[[Methotrexate ]],
[[Metoprolol]],
[[Minocycline hydrochloride]],
[[Mitomycin ]],
[[Moexipril ]],
[[Moxifloxacin ]],
[[Mycophenolic acid]],
[[Naltrexone]],
[[Naproxen and esomeprazole magnesium]],
[[Natalizumab ]],
[[Nateglinide ]],
[[Nedocromil ]],
[[Nicotine nasal spray ]],
[[Nilutamide ]],
[[Nitrofurantoin ]],
[[Nivolumab]],
[[Olaparib]],
[[Omalizumab]],
[[Omeprazole ]],
[[Oxaliplatin ]],
[[Oxcarbazepine ]],
[[Paclitaxel]],
[[Pamidronate ]],
[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]],
[[Pemetrexed ]],
[[Penbutolol ]],
[[Pentamidine]],
[[Perindopril]],
[[Pegaspargase ]],
[[Pimecrolimus topical ]],
[[Pirbuterol acetate ]],
[[Plicamycin ]],
[[Pramipexole]],
[[Primaquine ]],
[[Procarbazine ]],
[[Prograf]],
[[Quinapril]],
[[Ramelteon ]],
[[Ramipril]],
[[Ribavirin ]],
[[Risedronate ]],
[[Risperidone ]],
[[Rosiglitazone ]],
[[Rosuvastatin ]],
[[Salmeterol ]],
[[Saquinavir ]],
[[Sevelamer ]],
[[Sirolimus ]],
[[Sodium stibogluconate]],
[[Spironolactone ]],
[[Sulindac ]],
[[Sunitinib]],
[[Tacrolimus]],
[[Tamsulosin ]],
[[Thioguanine ]],
[[Thiotepa ]],
[[Tipranavir ]],
[[Tocainide ]],
[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]],
[[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]],
[[Trandolapril]],
[[Triamcinolone acetonide]],
[[trichophyton mentagrophytes and trichophyton rubrum]],
[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]],
[[Valganciclovir hydrochloride]],
[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]],
[[Vorinostat ]],
[[Zanamivir ]],
[[Zidovudine]],
[[Ziprasidone ]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]],
[[Adenoid hypertrophy]],
[[Allergic rhinitis]],
Atopic rhinitis,
[[Croup]],
[[Goiter]],
[[Laryngitis]],
[[Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease]],
[[Laryngotracheal cleft]],
[[Pharyngitis]],
[[Post-nasal drip]],
[[Strep throat]],
Subglottic hemangioma,
[[Subglottic stenosis]],
[[Tonsillolith]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Goiter]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Caplan's Syndrome]],
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD),
[[Hay fever]],
Low humidity,
Occupational exposure of irritants
[[Passive smoking]],
[[Sick building syndrome]],
[[Silicosis]],
[[Smoking]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Achalasia]],
[[Esophageal atresia]],
[[Esophageal cancer]],
[[Esophageal dysmotility]],
[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]],
[[Mallory-Weiss syndrome]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Cystic fibrosis]],
[[Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Chest tube]],
[[Thoracentesis]],
[[Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Adenoviridae]],
[[Aphthovirus]],
[[Ascaris infection]],
[[Aspergillosis]],
[[Blastomycosis]],
[[Bordetella pertussis]],
[[Byssinosis]],
[[Chickenpox]],
[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]],
[[Cladosporium]],
[[CMV Pneumonitis]],
[[Coccidioidomycosis]],
[[Community-acquired pneumonia]],
[[Cryptococcosis]],
[[Fasciolosis]],
[[Filariasis]],
[[Gnathostomiasis]],
[[Histoplasmosis]],
[[Human ehrlichiosis]],
[[Infectious mononucleosis]],
[[Influenza]],
[[Lady Windermere syndrome]],
[[Lassa fever]],
[[Legionellosis]],
[[Measles]],
[[Melioidosis]],
[[Miliary tuberculosis]],
[[Mucor stolonifer]],
[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]],
[[Nocardiosis]],
[[Paprika splitter's lung]],
[[Paracoccidioidomycosis]],
[[Papillomatosis]],
[[Paragonimus Infection]],
[[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]],
[[Psittacosis]],
[[Q Fever]],
[[Rhinovirus]],
[[Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula]],
[[Schistosomiasis]],
[[Sporotrichosis]],
[[Strep throat]],
[[Thermoactinomyces sacchari]],
[[Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]],
[[Trichinosis]],
[[Tuberculosis]],
[[Tularemia]],
[[Typhoid fever]],
[[Upper respiratory tract infection]],
[[Yersinia Pestis Infection]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Beriberi Heart Disease]],
[[Cholesterol pneumonia]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Bronchogenic cyst]],
[[Pulmonary sequestration]],
[[Esophageal atresia]],
[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
Cervical mass,
[[Esophageal cancer]],
[[Kaposi's sarcoma]],
[[Laryngeal cancer]],
[[Lymphangitis carcinomatous]],
[[Mediastinal tumor]],
[[Mesothelioma]],
[[Papillomatosis]],
[[Thymoma]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Ganciclovir ]],
[[Nickel carbonyl]],
[[Valganciclovir ]],
[[Salicylate sensitivity]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Psychogenic cough,

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acute bronchitis]],
[[Acute Chest Syndrome]],
[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]],
[[Asthma]],
[[Atelectasis]],
[[Atypical pneumonia]],
[[Aspergillosis]],
[[Blastomycosis]],
Bronchial stenosis,
Bronchial web,
[[Bronchiectasis]],
[[Bronchiolitis]],
[[Bronchitis]],
[[Bronchogenic cyst]],
[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]],
[[Ciliary dyskinesia]],
[[Cystic fibrosis]],
[[Goodpasture's syndrome]],
[[Hamman-Rich syndrome]],
[[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]],
[[Interstitial pneumonia]],
[[Lady Windermere syndrome]],
[[Lung abscess]],
[[Pleurisy]],
[[Pleuropulmonary blastoma]],
[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]],
[[Pulmonary Embolism]],
[[Pulmonary hypertension]],
[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]],
[[Tracheal stenosis]],
[[Tracheitis]],
[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]],
[[Tracheomalacia]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Congenital nephrotic syndrome]],
[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sarcoidosis]],

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Post cerebrovascular accident,

|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Alcoholism]],
Aspirated foreign bodies,
Cerumenosis,
[[Choking]],
[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]],
Ear foreign body,
Hair in the ear canal,

|-
|}

===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
*[[Abacavir ]]
*[[Abatacept ]]
*[[Abrin]]
*[[ABVD]]
*[[ACE inhibitor]]
*[[Acetylmorphone]]
*[[Achalasia]]
*[[Acute bronchitis]]
*[[Acute Chest Syndrome]]
*[[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]]
*[[Acyclovir ]]
*[[Adalimumab ]]
*[[Adefovir ]]
*[[Adenoid hypertrophy]]
*[[Adenoviridae]]
*[[Albuterol ]]
*[[Alcoholism]]
*[[Alefacept ]]
*[[Alfuzosin ]]
*[[Aliskiren ]]
*[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
*[[Amiodarone ]]
*[[Amlodipine and Benazepril ]]
*[[Amphotericin B ]]
*[[Anagrelide ]]
*[[Anastrozole ]]
*[[Aortic arch anomalies]]
*[[Aphthovirus]]
*[[Artemether/lumefantrine]]
*[[Ascaris infection]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
* Aspirated foreign bodies
*[[Atazanavir ]]
*[[Atelectasis]]
* Atopic rhinitis
*[[Atrial myxoma]]
*[[Atypical pneumonia]]
*[[Aztreonam]]
*[[Benazepril]]
*[[Bepridil ]]
*[[Beriberi Heart Disease]]
*[[Bevacizumab ]]
*[[Bitolterol ]]
*[[Blastomycosis]]
*[[Bordetella pertussis]]
*[[Bortezomib ]]
*[[Brimonidine ]]
* Bronchial stenosis
* Bronchial web
*[[Bronchiolitis]]
*[[Bronchitis]]
*[[Bronchogenic cyst]]
*[[Budesonide]]
*[[Buprenorphine]]
*[[Busulfan ]]
*[[Byssinosis]]
*[[Cadmium poisoning]]
*[[Caplan's Syndrome]]
*[[Captopril]]
*[[Carvedilol ]]
* Cerumenosis
* Cervical mass
*[[Cetuximab ]]
*[[Cevimeline]]
*[[Chest tube]]
*[[Chickenpox]]
*[[Chlamydophila pneumoniae]]
*[[Chlorambucil ]]
*[[Choking]]
*[[Cholesterol pneumonia]]
* Chronic beryllium disease
*[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
*[[Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]
*[[Ciliary dyskinesia]]
*[[Cladosporium]]
*[[Cladribine ]]
*[[Clobutinol]]
*[[Clofarabine ]]
*[[Clofedanol]]
*[[CMV Pneumonitis]]
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
*[[Community-acquired pneumonia]]
*[[Congenital nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Congestive Heart Failure]]
*[[Co-trimoxazole ]]
*[[Cromolyn Sodium ]]
*[[Croup]]
*[[Cryptococcosis]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]
*[[Cytarabine ]]
*[[Dacarbazine ]]
*[[Dactinomycin ]]
*[[Darbepoetin Alfa ]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Diborane]]
*[[Docetaxel ]]
*[[Domiodol]]
*[[Dornase alfa]]
*[[DTPA]]
* Ear foreign body
*[[Efalizumab ]]
*[[Efavirenz ]]
*[[Emtricitabine ]]
*[[Enalapril ]]
*[[Enfuvirtide]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Epinastine ]]
*[[Eplerenone ]]
*[[Epoetin Alfa ]]
*[[Eprosartan ]]
*[[Erlotinib ]]
*[[Esophageal atresia]]
*[[Esophageal cancer]]
*[[Esophageal dysmotility]]
*[[Estradiol Topical ]]
*[[Etanercept ]]
*[[Fasciolosis]]
*[[Fexofenadine ]]
*[[Filariasis]]
*[[Floxuridine ]]
*[[Fludarabine Phosphate ]]
*[[Fluorouracil ]]
*[[Fluticasone]] (aerosol and spray)
*[[Fluticasone and Salmeterol]]
*[[Fluvastatin ]]
*[[Fosamprenavir ]]
*[[Fosinopril ]]
*[[Flunisolide]]
*[[Gabapentin ]]
*[[Ganciclovir ]]
*[[Gefitinib ]]
*[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
*[[Glyburide and Metformin ]]
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
*[[Goiter]]
*[[Goodpasture's syndrome]]
*[[Granisetron ]]
* Hair in the ear canal
*[[Hamman-Rich syndrome]]
*[[Hay fever]]
*[[Histoplasmosis]]
*[[Histrelin ]]
*[[HPV Vaccine]] ([[Gardasil]])
*[[Human ehrlichiosis]]
*[[Human flu]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Ibandronate ]]
*[[Idelalisib]]
*[[Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis]]
*[[Ifosfamide ]]
*[[Iloprost]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Infliximab]]
*[[Influenza]]
*[[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) ]]
*[[Insulin lispro]]
*[[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular ]]
*[[Interstitial pneumonia]]
*[[Isoproterenol ]]
*[[Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)]]
*[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
*[[Ketorolac]]
*[[Lady Windermere syndrome]]
*[[Lamivudine ]]
*[[Lamotrigine ]]
*[[Laryngeal cancer]]
*[[Laryngitis]]
*[[Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease]]
*[[Laryngotracheal cleft]]
*[[Lassa fever]]
*[[Legionellosis]]
*[[Letrozole ]]
*[[Levalbuterol ]]
*[[Lisinopril ]]
*[[Lisinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide]]
*[[Lomustine ]]
* Low humidity
*[[Lower respiratory tract infection]]
*[[Lung abscess]]
*[[Lymphangitis carcinomatous]]
*[[Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]]
*[[Mallory-Weiss syndrome]]
*[[Measles]]
*[[Mechlorethamine ]]
*[[Mediastinal tumor]]
*[[Melioidosis]]
*[[Melphalan ]]
*[[Mercaptopurine ]]
*[[Mesalamine ]]
*[[Mesothelioma]]
*[[Metaproterenol ]]
*[[Methotrexate ]]
*[[Metoprolol]]
*[[Miliary tuberculosis]]
*[[Mitomycin ]]
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
*[[Moexipril ]]
*[[Moxifloxacin ]]
*[[Mucor stolonifer]]
*[[Mycophenolic acid]]
*[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]
*[[Natalizumab ]]
*[[Nateglinide ]]
*[[Nedocromil ]]
*[[Nickel carbonyl]]
*[[Nicotine nasal spray ]]
*[[Nilutamide ]]
*[[Nitrofurantoin ]]
*[[Nocardiosis]]
* Occupational exposure of irritants
*[[Omeprazole ]]
*[[Oxaliplatin ]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
*[[Paclitaxel]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Pamidronate ]]
*[[Paprika splitter's lung]]
*[[Paracoccidioidomycosis]]
*[[Papillomatosis]]
*[[Paragonimus Infection]]
*[[Passive smoking]]
*[[Pegaspargase ]]
*[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
*[[Pemetrexed ]]
*[[Penbutolol ]]
*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Perindopril]]
*[[Peripartum cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Pertussis]]
*[[Pharyngitis]]
*[[Pimecrolimus topical ]]
*[[Pirbuterol acetate ]]
*[[Pleurisy]]
*[[Pleuropulmonary blastoma]]
*[[Plicamycin ]]
*[[Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia]]
*[[Polymer fume fever]]
* Post cerebrovascular accident
*[[Primaquine ]]
*[[Procarbazine ]]
*[[Prograf]]
*[[Psittacosis]]
* Psychogenic cough
*[[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]]
*[[Pulmonary Embolism]]
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
*[[Pulmonary sequestration]]
*[[Q Fever]]
*[[Quinapril]]
*[[Ramelteon ]]
*[[Ramipril]]
*[[Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis]]
*[[Rhinovirus]]
*[[Ribavirin ]]
*[[Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction]]
*[[Risedronate ]]
*[[Risperidone ]]
*[[Rosiglitazone ]]
*[[Rosuvastatin ]]
*[[Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula]]
*[[Salicylate sensitivity]]
*[[Salmeterol ]]
*[[Saquinavir ]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*[[Sevelamer ]]
*[[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
*[[Sick building syndrome]]
*[[Silicosis]]
*[[Sirolimus ]]
*[[Smoking]]
*[[Sodium stibogluconate]]
*[[Spironolactone ]]
*[[Sporotrichosis]]
*[[Strep throat]]
* Subglottic hemangioma
*[[Subglottic stenosis]]
*[[Sulindac ]]
*[[Sunitinib]]
*[[Superior Vena Cava Syndrome]]
*[[Tacrolimus]]
*[[Tamsulosin ]]
*[[Tenofovir]] disoproxil fumarate
*[[Thermoactinomyces sacchari]]
*[[Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]]
*[[Thioguanine ]]
*[[Thiotepa ]]
*[[Thoracentesis]]
*[[Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms]]
*[[Thymoma]]
*[[Tipranavir ]]
*[[Tobacco smoking]]
*[[Tocainide ]]
*[[Tonsillolith]]
*[[Topotecan Hydrochloride ]]
*[[Tracheal stenosis]]
*[[Tracheitis]]
*[[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]
*[[Tracheomalacia]]
*[[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]]
*[[Trandolapril]]
*[[Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease]]
*[[Trichinosis]]
*[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]]
*[[Tuberculosis]]
*[[Tularemia]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infection]]
*[[Valganciclovir ]]
*[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
*[[Viral]]cough
*[[Vorinostat ]]
*[[Yersinia Pestis Infection]]
*[[Zanamivir]]
*[[Zidovudine]]
*[[Ziprasidone ]]
{{EndMultiCol}}

===Causes of Nonproductive Cough ===
* [[Smoker's cough]]
* Aspiration
* [[Congestive heart failure]]
* [[Postnasal drip]]
*:* Most common cause of chronic cough in nonsmokers
* [[GERD]]
*:* Second most common cause of chronic cough in nonsmokers
* [[Asthma]]/reactive airway disease
* [[ACE inhibitor]] use
* [[Pneumonia]]
*:* ''Typical'' pneumonia is characterized by acute or subacute onset of fever, dyspnea, fatigue, pleuritic chest pain, and cough
*:* ''Atypical'' pneumoniais characterized by more gradual onset, dry cough,headache, fatigue, and minimal lung signs
* [[Acute bronchitis]]
*:* Most commonly caused by viruses
*:* Postviral bronchitis may last beyond 6 weeks
* Aspirated foreign body
* [[Lung cancer]]
* [[COPD]]
* [[Sarcoidosis]]
* [[Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia]]
* [[Filariasis|Filarial disease]]

===Productive Cough===
* [[Postnasal drip]]
* [[Tuberculosis]]
* [[COPD]]
* [[Lung cancer]]
* [[Smoker's cough]]
* [[Asthma]] with secondary infection
* [[Pneumonia]]
* [[Bronchitis]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]

Cough classification

2020-10-01T01:38:11Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==

The accurate classification of cough is the first step to accurately diagnosing it. in 1998 the American college of chest physicians [[(CHEST)]], Expert cough panel postulated that cough should be classified based on its duration. Prior to this, a detailed patient history about the character, timing, sputum production, etc was utilized when evaluating cough; however, the panel found out that these parameters are not sufficient in establishing a definite [[etiology]] of [[cough]].

The first expert panel in 1998 had initially classified cough as [[acute cough]]( ie lasting < 3 weeks) and [[chronic cough]] (ie, lasting 3-8 weeks) but the second American college of chest physicians [[ACCP]] panel in 2006 reclassified cough into 3 categories based on its duration as listed below.

==Classification==
[[Cough]] may be classified into 3 groups:<ref name="pmid29080708">{{cite journal| author=Irwin RS, French CL, Chang AB, Altman KW, CHEST Expert Cough Panel*| title=Classification of Cough as a Symptom in Adults and Management Algorithms: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. | journal=Chest | year= 2018 | volume= 153 | issue= 1 | pages= 196-209 | pmid=29080708 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.10.016 | pmc=6689094 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29080708 }} </ref>

* Acute coughs last less than 3 weeks.
* Subacute coughs last between 3 and 8 weeks.
* Chronic coughs last longer than 8 weeks.

''' 2006 ACCP Cough Panel classification based on duration.'''<ref name="pmidPMID: 9725800">{{cite journal| author=Irwin RS, Boulet LP, Cloutier MM, Fuller R, Gold PM, Hoffstein V | display-authors=etal| title=Managing cough as a defense mechanism and as a symptom. A consensus panel report of the American College of Chest Physicians. | journal=Chest | year= 1998 | volume= 114 | issue= 2 Suppl Managing | pages= 133S-181S | pmid=PMID: 9725800 | doi=10.1378/chest.114.2_supplement.133s | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9725800 }} </ref>
{{family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | |A01| | |A01=Cough}}
{{Family tree | | | | ||!| | | |}}
{{Family tree | | | | ||!| | | |}}
{{Family tree | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|.|}}
{{Family tree | C01 | |CO3| | C02 |C01= Acute cough (lasting < 3 weeks)| CO3=Subacute cough (lasting 3-8 weeks)|C02=Chronic cough (lasting > 8 weeks)}}
{{family tree/end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}

[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]

Cough

2020-10-01T01:29:11Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Cough historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Cough epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T01:18:42Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Cough historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Xyz epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T01:15:31Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Cough historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T01:12:32Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* Epidemiology and Demographics */

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Cough historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{AMA}}

==Overview==
The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide.

== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide.

==References==
<ref name="pmid32337212">{{cite journal| author=Arinze JT, de Roos EW, Karimi L, Verhamme KMC, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG| title=Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for chronic cough in the adult population: the Rotterdam Study. | journal=ERJ Open Res | year= 2020 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= | pmid=32337212 | doi=10.1183/23120541.00300-2019 | pmc=7167208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32337212 }} </ref>

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough epidemiology and demographics

2020-10-01T01:00:19Z

Abiodun Akanmode: Created page with "__NOTOC__ {{Cough}} {{CMG}} {{AE}}{{AMA}} ==Overview== The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide. == Epidemiology and Demogra..."

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{AMA}}

==Overview==
The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide.

== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide.

==References==
<ref name="pmid32337212">{{cite journal| author=Arinze JT, de Roos EW, Karimi L, Verhamme KMC, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG| title=Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for chronic cough in the adult population: the Rotterdam Study. | journal=ERJ Open Res | year= 2020 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= | pmid=32337212 | doi=10.1183/23120541.00300-2019 | pmc=7167208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32337212 }} </ref>

Ebsteins anomaly of the tricuspid valve epidemiology and demographics

2020-10-01T00:57:54Z

Abiodun Akanmode: Blanked the page

Ebsteins anomaly of the tricuspid valve epidemiology and demographics

2020-10-01T00:56:48Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}

==Overview==
The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide.

== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
The incidence/prevalence of cough is approximately 10 % of the adult population worldwide.

==References==
<ref name="pmid32337212">{{cite journal| author=Arinze JT, de Roos EW, Karimi L, Verhamme KMC, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG| title=Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for chronic cough in the adult population: the Rotterdam Study. | journal=ERJ Open Res | year= 2020 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= | pmid=32337212 | doi=10.1183/23120541.00300-2019 | pmc=7167208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32337212 }} </ref>

Cough historical perspective

2020-10-01T00:42:25Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.

==Historical Perspective==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Cough

2020-10-01T00:36:31Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Cough historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:31:36Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* historical perspective */

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==Historical Perspective==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough historical perspective

2020-10-01T00:28:28Z

Abiodun Akanmode: Blanked the page

Cough

2020-10-01T00:27:41Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Historical Perspective Cough|historical perspective]] ==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:25:55Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Historical Perspective]] ==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:24:54Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{AMA}}

== [[Historical Perspective]] ==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:23:10Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* Historical Perspective */

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==Historical Perspective==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:20:52Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

==[[Historical Perspective]]==

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category: Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:16:32Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

Cough

2020-10-01T00:13:46Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* Historical perspective */

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

==Overview==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==Historical Perspective==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:12:41Z

Abiodun Akanmode: /* Historical perspective */

__NOTOC__
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Cough resident survival guide]]|| || 
| [[Cough resident survival guide|'''Resident''' '''Survival''' '''Guide''']]
|}
'''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]'''
{{Cough}}

{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{MUT}} {{AMA}}

{{SK}} Tussis
== [[Cough overview|Overview]] ==

== [[Cough classification|Classification]] ==

== [[Historical perspective]] ==

{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==Historical Perspective==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== [[Cough pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==

== [[Cough causes|Causes]] ==

== [[Cough differential diagnosis|Differentiating Cough from other Diseases]] ==

== [[Cough risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==

== [[Cough natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==

== Diagnosis ==

[[Cough history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cough physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cough laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cough electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cough chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cough CT|CT]] | [[Cough MRI|MRI]] | [[Cough echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cough other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cough other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]

== Treatment ==

[[Cough medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cough surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cough primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Cough future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Cough cost-effectiveness of therapy | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]]

==Case Studies==
[[Cough case study one|Case #1]]

== Related Chapter ==
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Kennel cough]]
*[[Cough medicine]]

{{Circulatory and respiratory system symptoms and signs}}
{{Common Cold}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Symptoms]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]

Cough

2020-10-01T00:10:07Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

Cough

2020-10-01T00:09:37Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

Cough historical perspective

2020-10-01T00:06:51Z

Abiodun Akanmode: Created page with " {{CMG}};{{AE}} {{AMA}} ==Overview== There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough. ==Historical Perspective== There is limited information about the..."

{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{AMA}}

==Overview==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==Historical Perspective==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of cough.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

Cough risk factors

2020-10-01T00:01:07Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AMA}}
{{Cough}}
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of [[cough]] include [[Allergies]], [[Smoking]], [[Air pollution]], and [[Upper respiratory tract infections]].
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors in the development of cough include:
*[[Upper respiratory tract infections]].
*[[Allergies]].
*[[Smoking]].
*[[Air pollution]] due to aerosolized chemicals, dust, smoke, etc.
*Uncontrolled [[Bronchial asthma]] & other [[chronic diseases]].
==References==
<ref name="pmid32337212">{{cite journal| author=Arinze JT, de Roos EW, Karimi L, Verhamme KMC, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG| title=Prevalence and incidence of, and risk factors for chronic cough in the adult population: the Rotterdam Study. | journal=ERJ Open Res | year= 2020 | volume= 6 | issue= 2 | pages= | pmid=32337212 | doi=10.1183/23120541.00300-2019 | pmc=7167208 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32337212 }} </ref>

Cough overview

2020-08-28T13:46:11Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{CZ}}, {{MUT}} {{AMA}}
==Overview==
A '''cough''' is a sudden, often repetitive, [[spasm]]odic contraction of the [[thoracic cavity]], resulting in a violent release of air from the [[lung]]s, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. A [[cough]] by itself is not a complete diagnosis but rather a symptom of an underlying condition, despite this, it accounts for one of the most common indications for visits to the general practitioners and family physicians with a good proportion of these cases resulting in a pulmonology referral.

Coughing is an action the body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating the air passages. The act of coughing can be triggered by a myriad of conditions [[physiologic]] and otherwise, A cough is mostly initiated to clear a buildup of [[phlegm]] withing the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. Coughing can also be triggered by a [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] of food entering the trachea and other parts of the respiratory tree rather than the [[esophagus]] due to a failure of the [[epiglottis]]. During the management of [[cough]] the duration is an important tool utilized by the clinicians; and when presented with a history of frequent or [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] coughing the presence of an underlying [[disease]] should be suspected. In [[non-smoking]] patients with a normal chest [[X-ray]],chronic cough in 93% of this patients cohort can be attributed to [[asthma]], [[heartburn]] or [[post-nasal drip]]. Other causes of chronic cough include chronic [[bronchitis]] and medications such as [[ACE inhibitor]]s. Coughing can happen voluntarily as well as involuntarily.

The unclearness of most cases of cough with regards to etiology, duration, and other precipitating symptoms coupled with the lack of a universal guideline for quantifying [[cough]] results in variability during its assessment. Thus a thorough evaluation should be done to isolate the etiology of the patient's [[cough]] when they present, and before initiating [[therapy]] for [[symptomatic]] relief.

==Classification==
The accepted classification of cough is that of the ACCP(American college of chest physicians).[[Cough]] is classified into 3 types depending on its duration.
*[[Acute cough]]: last less than 3 weeks
*[[Sub-acute cough]]: last between 3 and 8 weeks.
*[[Chronic cough]]: last longer than 8 weeks.

==Pathophysiology==
The act of coughing is a vital one that leads to the mucociliary clearance of excess secretions from the airway and other parts of the respiratory tree.Cough occurs via a complex neurophysiologic cough [[reflex arc]].
==Causes==
There are various causes of [[cough]],the most common causes are:
* [[Allergic Rhinitis]]
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Bronchiectasis]]
* [[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease]] ([[GERD]])
* [[Post-nasal drip]]
Cough causes can also be classified according to the organ system, see the segment on [[cough causes]] for details.
==Differentiating Cough from other Diseases==
Making a differential diagnosis when a patient presents with a cough can be challenging however when the clinician asks about the other associated symptoms such as fever, vomiting, night sweats, weight loss, sputum production, and quantity, smoking history, drug use and most importantly the duration of the cough, making a differential diagnosis becomes less challenging.See the segment on [[Cough differential diagnosis]] for an extensive overview of the various differential diagnosis of cough.
==Cough Risk Factors==
[[Cough]] is a protective reflex, however, some factors can increase one's risk of having a cough.
*[[Allergies]].
*[[Smoking]].
*[[Air pollution]] due to aerosolized chemicals, dust, smoke, etc.
*Uncontrolled [[Bronchial asthma]] & other [[chronic diseases]].
==Cough natural history, complications, and prognosis==
The various complications associated with cough can be categorized according to systems involved also, Cough complications can also be acute or chronic. See the segment on [[Cough natural history, complications, and prognosis]].
==History & Symptoms==
A detailed cough history should cover the following:
*Onset of symptoms.
*Dry vs Productive cough.If productive,sputum content,color,amount etc.
*Duration.
*Exacerbating/relieving factors.
*Previous episodes.
*Frequency.
*Drug use eg:[[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors|ACEIs]]
===Other associated cough symptoms includes===
*[[Fever]].
*[[Chills]] and [[Rigor]].
*[[Weight loss]].
*[[wheezing]].
*[[Associated Hemoptysis]]
*[[Post nasal dripping]]
*[[Allergy history]]
*[[Smoking history]]
*[[Environmental or Occupational exposure to air pollutants]].
==Physical examination==
once an in-depth history is taken from the patient, a detailed physical examination consisting of [[inspection]],[[palpation]],[[percussion]] and [[auscultation]] should be done when evaluating coughing patients.
==Cough laboratory findings==
Some laboratory test used when evaluating cough are:
*[[CBC|Complete blood count]]
*[[C-reactive protein level|CRP]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal swab]]
*[[Sputum analysis & culture]]
==Chest x ray==
Chest X-rays are a go-to investigative tool used by most clinicians when evaluating cough. Despite the routine use of [[CXR]] when evaluating cough, the most common causes of cough in the general population such as [[Gerd]],[[Asthma]] and [[Post nasal drip]] cannot readily be diagnosed by [[CXR]].
==CT==
The use of a high resolution [[CT]] may identify pulmonary parenchymal lesions/diseases that were not readily picked up by [[CXR]] in patients with [[chronic cough]].
==MRI==
The use of MRI in the diagnosis of cough is particularly useful when red flags are noted during the detailed medical history and physical examination of the patient.
==Other imaging studies==
*[[Bronchoscopy]].
*[[Sinus imaging]].
==Treatment==
Treatment of cough depends on its etiology.Cough treatment is mostly medical with the use of [[cough syrups]],[[antibiotics]],modifying lifestyle etc.The use of [[surgery]] limited to few cases refractory to medical therapy. See the chapter on [[Cough medical therapy]] and [[Cough surgery]] for a detailed [[algorithm]] on cough treatment.
==Cough primary prevention==
Avoiding smoking, areas with air pollution, and proper hand hygienic practices can prevent one from acquiring cough due to other causes.
==Cough secondary prevention==
There are no established guidelines for the secondary prevention of cough.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]

Cough overview

2020-08-28T13:45:11Z

Abiodun Akanmode:

__NOTOC__
{{Cough}}
{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{CZ}}, {{MUT}} {{AMA}}
==Overview==
A '''cough''' is a sudden, often repetitive, [[spasm]]odic contraction of the [[thoracic cavity]], resulting in a violent release of air from the [[lung]]s, and usually accompanied by a distinctive sound. A [[cough]] by itself is not a complete diagnosis but rather a symptom of an underlying condition, despite this, it accounts for one of the most common indications for visits to the general practitioners and family physicians with a good proportion of these cases resulting in a pulmonology referral.

Coughing is an action the body takes to get rid of substances that are irritating the air passages. The act of coughing can be triggered by a myriad of conditions [[physiologic]] and otherwise, A cough is mostly initiated to clear a buildup of [[phlegm]] withing the [[vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. Coughing can also be triggered by a [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] of food entering the trachea and other parts of the respiratory tree rather than the [[esophagus]] due to a failure of the [[epiglottis]]. During the management of [[cough]] the duration is an important tool utilized by the clinicians; and when presented with a history of frequent or [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] coughing the presence of an underlying [[disease]] should be suspected. In [[non-smoking]] patients with a normal chest [[X-ray]],chronic cough in 93% of this patients cohort can be attributed to [[asthma]], [[heartburn]] or [[post-nasal drip]]. Other causes of chronic cough include chronic [[bronchitis]] and medications such as [[ACE inhibitor]]s. Coughing can happen voluntarily as well as involuntarily.

The unclearness of most cases of cough with regards to etiology, duration, and other precipitating symptoms coupled with the lack of a universal guideline for quantifying [[cough]] results in variability during its assessment. Thus a thorough evaluation should be done to isolate the etiology of the patient's [[cough]] when they present, and before initiating [[therapy]] for [[symptomatic]] relief.

==Classification==
The accepted classification of cough is that of the ACCP(American college of chest physicians).[[Cough]] is classified into 3 types depending on its duration.
*[[Acute cough]]: last less than 3 weeks
*[[Sub-acute cough]]: last between 3 and 8 weeks.
*[[Chronic cough]]: last longer than 8 weeks.

==Pathophysiology==
The act of coughing is a vital one that leads to the mucociliary clearance of excess secretions from the airway and other parts of the respiratory tree.Cough occurs via a complex neurophysiologic cough [[reflex arc]].
==Causes==
There are various causes of [[cough]],the most common causes are:
* [[Allergic Rhinitis]]
* [[Asthma]]
* [[Bronchiectasis]]
* [[Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease]] ([[GERD]])
* [[Post-nasal drip]]
Cough causes can also be classified according to the organ system, see the segment on [[cough causes]] for details.
==Differentiating Cough from other Diseases==
Making a differential diagnosis when a patient presents with a cough can be challenging however when the clinician asks about the other associated symptoms such as fever, vomiting, night sweats, weight loss, sputum production, and quantity, smoking history, drug use and most importantly the duration of the cough, making a differential diagnosis becomes less challenging.See the segment on [[Cough differential diagnosis]] for an extensive overview of the various differential diagnosis of cough.
==Cough Risk Factors==
[[Cough]] is a protective reflex, however, some factors can increase one's risk of having a cough.
*[[Allergies]].
*[[Smoking]].
*[[Air pollution]] due to aerosolized chemicals, dust, smoke, etc.
*Uncontrolled [[Bronchial asthma]] & other [[chronic diseases]].
==Cough natural history, complications, and prognosis==
The various complications associated with cough can be categorized according to systems involved also, Cough complications can also be acute or chronic. See the segment on [[Cough natural history, complications, and prognosis]].
==History & Symptoms==
A detailed cough history should cover the following:
*Onset of symptoms.
*Dry vs Productive cough.If productive,sputum content,color,amount etc.
*Duration.
*Exacerbating/relieving factors.
*Previous episodes.
*Frequency.
*Drug use eg:[[angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors|ACEIs]]
===Other associated cough symptoms includes===
*[[Fever]].
*[[Chills]] and [[Rigor]].
*[[Weight loss]].
*[[wheezing]].
*[[Associated Hemoptysis]]
*[[Post nasal dripping]]
*[[Allergy history]]
*[[Smoking history]]
*[[Environmental or Occupational exposure to air pollutants]].
==Physical examination==
once an in-depth history is taken from the patient, a detailed physical examination consisting of [[inspection]],[[palpation]],[[percussion]] and [[auscultation]] should be done when evaluating coughing patients.
==Cough laboratory findings==
Some laboratory test used when evaluating cough are:
*[[CBC|Complete blood count]]
*[[C-reactive protein level|CRP]]
*[[Nasopharyngeal swab]]
*[[Sputum analysis & culture]]
==chest x ray==
Chest X-rays are a go-to investigative tool used by most clinicians when evaluating cough. Despite the routine use of [[CXR]] when evaluating cough, the most common causes of cough in the general population such as [[Gerd]],[[Asthma]] and [[Post nasal drip]] cannot readily be diagnosed by [[CXR]].
==CT==
The use of a high resolution [[CT]] may identify pulmonary parenchymal lesions/diseases that were not readily picked up by [[CXR]] in patients with [[chronic cough]].
==MRI==
The use of MRI in the diagnosis of cough is particularly useful when red flags are noted during the detailed medical history and physical examination of the patient.
==Other imaging studies==
*[[Bronchoscopy]].
*[[Sinus imaging]].
==Treatment==
Treatment of cough depends on its etiology.Cough treatment is mostly medical with the use of [[cough syrups]],[[antibiotics]],modifying lifestyle etc.The use of [[surgery]] limited to few cases refractory to medical therapy. See the chapter on [[Cough medical therapy]] and [[Cough surgery]] for a detailed [[algorithm]] on cough treatment.
==Cough primary prevention==
Avoiding smoking, areas with air pollution, and proper hand hygienic practices can prevent one from acquiring cough due to other causes.
==Cough secondary prevention==
There are no established guidelines for the secondary prevention of cough.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Abnormal respiration]]