Chromosome 12 (human)

2017-11-01T22:59:58Z

135.23.202.24: /* Genes */ same as last article - no reference given

{{Infobox chromosome
| image = Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 12 cropped.png
| caption = Human chromosome 12 pair after [[G banding|G-banding]]. One is from mother, one is from father.
| image2 = Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 12.png
| caption2 = Chromosome 12 pair in human male [[karyogram]].
| length_bp = 133,275,309 bp ([[GRCh38]])<ref name="National Center for Biotechnology Information 2017">{{cite web | title=Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium | website=National Center for Biotechnology Information | date=2013-12-24 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/grc/human/data?asm=GRCh38 | language=en | accessdate=2017-03-04}}</ref>
| genes = 988 ([[Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]])<ref name="CCDS"/>
| type = [[Autosome]]
| centromere_position = [[Centromere#Submetacentric|Submetacentric]]<ref name="StrachanRead2010">{{cite book|author1=Tom Strachan|author2=Andrew Read|title=Human Molecular Genetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSwWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Garland Science|isbn=978-1-136-84407-2|page=45}}</ref> (35.5 Mbp<ref name="850bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>)
| ensembl_id = 12
| entrez_id = 12
| ncbi_id = 12
| ucsc_id = 12
| refseq_id = NC_000012
| genbank_id = CM000674
}}

'''Chromosome 12''' is one of the 23 pairs of [[chromosome]]s in [[human]]s. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 12 spans about 133 million [[base pair]]s (the building material of [[DNA]]) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in [[cell (biology)|cells]].

Chromosome 12 contains the [[Homeobox]] C gene cluster.

== Genes ==
{{Category see also|Genes on human chromosome 12}}
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 12. Because researchers use different approaches to [[genome annotation]] their predictions of the [[number of genes]] on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see [[gene prediction]]). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ([[Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]]) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.<ref name="pmid20441615">{{cite journal| author=Pertea M, Salzberg SL| title=Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes. | journal=Genome Biol | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 206 | pmid=20441615 | doi=10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 | pmc=2898077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20441615 }} </ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
| Estimated by || [[Protein-coding genes]] || [[Non-coding RNA|Non-coding RNA gene]]s || [[Pseudogene]]s || Source || Release date
|-
| [[Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]] || 988 || - || -
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="CCDS">{{cite web | title=Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene | website= NCBI |version = CCDS Release 20 for ''Homo sapiens'' | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch |date=2016-09-08 | accessdate=2017-05-28}}</ref>
| 2016-09-08
|-
| [[HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]]|| 995 || 318 || 545
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="HGNC20170512">{{cite web | title=Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 12 | website=HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee | url=http://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=12 |date=2017-05-12 | accessdate=2017-05-19}}</ref>
| 2017-05-12
|-
| [[Ensembl genome database project|Ensembl]] || 1,033 || 1,202 || 617
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="Ensembl Release 88">{{cite web | title=Chromosome 12: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens | website= Ensembl Release 88 | url=http://mar2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=12 |date=2017-03-29 | accessdate=2017-05-19}}</ref>
| 2017-03-29
|-
| [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] || 1,036 || 853 || 693
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="NCBI coding">{{cite web | title=Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | accessdate=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref name="NCBI noncoding">{{cite web | title=Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | accessdate=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref name="NCBI pseudo">{{cite web | title=Search results - 12[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=12%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | accessdate=2017-05-20}}</ref>
| 2017-05-19
|}

The following are some of the genes located on chromosome 12:
* [[ACAD10]]: encoding [[protein]] Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, member 10
* [[ACSS3]]: encoding [[protein]] Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 3
* [[ACVRL1]]: activin A receptor type II-like 1f
* [[APOF]]: encoding [[protein]] Apolipoprotein F
* [[APOLD1 (gene)|APOLD1]]: apolipoprotein L domain containing 1
* [[ARL6IP4]]: encoding [[protein]] ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 4
* [[ARPC3]]: encoding [[protein]] Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3
* [[Protein asunder homolog|Asun]]: encoding [[protein]] Protein asunder homolog (Asun)
* [[Autophagy-related protein 101|ATG101]]: Autophagy-related protein 101
* [[Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1|BCAT1]]: encoding [[protein]] Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1
* [[C12orf42]]: encoding [[protein]] uncharacterised chromosome 12 open reading frame 42
* [[C12orf43]]: encoding protein. Uncharacterized.
* [[C12orf60]]: encoding [[protein]] Uncharacterized protein C12orf60
* [[CALCOCO1]]: Calcium-binding and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1
* [[CBX5 (gene)|CBX5]]: chromobox homolog 5
* [[CCDC53]]: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 53
* [[CKAP4]]: Cytoskeleton associated protein 4
* [[CNOT2]]: encoding [[protein]] CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 2
* [[CNPY2]]: encoding [[protein]] Canopy FGF signaling regulator 2
* [[Coiled-coil domain containing 42B|CCDC42B]]: encoding [[protein]] Coiled Coil Domain Containing protein 42B
* [[COL2A1]]: collagen, type II, alpha 1 (primary osteoarthritis, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, congenital)
* [[CRACR2A]]: encoding [[protein]] Calcium release activated channel regulator 2A
* [[CSRP2]]: Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 2
* [[DDX23]]: DEAD-box helicase 23
* [[DDX47]]: DEAD-box helicase 47
* [[Desert hedgehog protein|DHH]]: Desert hedgehog protein
* [[DPPA3]]: Developmental pluripotency-associated protein 3
* [[DPY19L2]]: encoding [[protein]] Dpy-19-like 2 (C. elegans)
* [[E2F7]]: E2F transcription factor 7
* [[EMP1]]: Epithelial membrane protein 1
* [[ERGIC2]]: encoding [[protein]] a protein of 377 amino acid residues
* FAM60A: encoding [[protein]] [[FAM60A]]
* [[Protein FAM186B|FAM186B]]: encoding [[protein]] Protein FAM186B
* [[Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1|GPD1]]: encoding [[protein]] Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1
* [[GOLT1B]]: Golgi transport 1B
* [[GPN-loop GTPase 3|GPN3]]: encoding [[enzyme]] GPN-loop GTPase 3
* [[HNF1A-AS1]]: encoding [[protein]] HNF1A antisense RNA 1
* [[4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase|HPD]]: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
* [[IFFO1]]: encoding [[protein]] Intermediate filament family orphan 1
* [[KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2|KANSL2]]: encoding [[protein]] KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 2 (KANSL2)
* [[KCNA1]]: potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 at 12p13.32
* [[KDM2B]]: encoding [[protein]] Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 2B
* [[KERA (gene)|KERA]]: keratocan
* [[KRAS]]: V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
* [[LARP4]]: encoding [[protein]] La-related protein 4
* [[LEPREL2]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3
* [[LMBR1L]]: encoding [[protein]] Protein LMBR1L
* [[LRRC23]]: encoding [[protein]] Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 23
* [[Leucine-rich repeats and iq motif containing 1|LRRIQ1]]: encoding [[protein]] Leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 1
* [[LRRK2]]: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
* [[MBOAT5]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5
* [[METTL1]]: encoding [[enzyme]] tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase
* [[MFAP5]]: encoding [[protein]] Microfibrillar-associated protein 5
* [[Microrna 196a-2|MIR196A2]]: encoding [[microRNA]] MicroRNA 196a-2
* [[MMAB]]: methylmalonic aciduria (cobalamin deficiency) cblB type
* [[MON2]]: encoding [[protein]] Protein MON2 homolog
* [[MUCL1]]: encoding [[protein]] Mucin-like protein 1
* [[MYO1A]]: myosin IA
* [[NANOG (gene)|NANOG]]: NK-2 type homeodomain gene
* [[NAP1L1]]: encoding [[protein]] Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1
* [[NRIP2]]: encoding [[protein]] Nuclear receptor-interacting protein 2
* [[NUDT4]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 2
* [[PAH (gene)|PAH]]: phenylalanine hydroxylase
* [[PIP4K2C]]: encoding [[protein]] Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase, type II, gamma
* [[PIWIL1]]: encoding [[protein]] Piwi-like protein 1
* [[POP5]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Ribonuclease P/MRP protein subunit POP5
* [[PPHLN1]]: encoding [[protein]] Periphilin-1
* [[PPP1R12A]]: protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subungfdit 12A
* [[PRB1]]: encoding [[protein]] Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1
* [[PRB3]]: encoding [[protein]] Basic salivary proline-rich protein 3
* [[PRB4]]: encoding [[protein]] Basic salivary proline-rich protein 4
* [[Pregnancy zone protein|PZP]]: encoding [[protein]] Pregnancy zone protein
* [[PRH1]]: encoding [[protein]] Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2
* [[Proline-rich protein haeiii subfamily 2|PRH2]]: encoding [[protein]] Proline-rich protein HaeIII subfamily 2
* [[PRR4]]: encoding [[protein]] Proline-rich protein 4
* [[PTMS (gene)|PTMS]]: encoding [[protein]] Parathymosin
* [[PTPN11]]: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (Noonan syndrome 1)
* [[PUS1]]: encoding [[enzyme]] tRNA pseudouridine synthase A
* [[PUS7L]]: encoding [[enzyme]] Pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog-like protein
* [[RAB3IP]]: encoding [[protein]] RAB3A-interacting protein
* [[RASSF8]]: encoding [[protein]] Ras association domain-containing protein 8
* [[RASSF9]]: encoding [[protein]] Ras association domain-containing protein 9
* [[RERG]]: encoding [[protein]] RAS-like, estrogen-regulated, growth inhibitor
* [[RNF34]]: encoding [[enzyme]] E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF34
* [[SARNP]]: SAP domain-containing ribonucleoprotein
* [[Serpina3f]]: encoding [[protein]] Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3F
* [[SLC8B1]]: solute carrier family 8 member B1
* [[TBC1D15]]: encoding [[protein]] TBC1 domain family member 15
* [[TCHP]]: encoding [[protein]] Trichoplein keratin filament-binding protein
* [[TESPA1]]: encoding [[protein]] Thymocyte expressed, positive selection associated 1
* [[THAP2]]: encoding [[protein]] THAP domain-containing protein 2
* [[Transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 1|TMTC1]]: encoding [[protein]] Transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 1
* [[TMEM117]]: encoding [[protein]] Transmembrane protein 117
* [[TRAFD1]]: encoding [[protein]] TRAF-type zinc finger domain-containing protein 1
* [[TSFM]]: encoding [[protein]] Elongation factor Ts, mitochondrial
* [[TWF1]]: twinfilin-1
* [[UNQ1887]]:
* [[USP52]]: encoding [[enzyme]] PAB-dependent poly(A)-specific ribonuclease subunit 2
* [[UTP20]]: encoding [[protein]] Small subunit processome component 20 homolog
* [[VEZT]]: encoding [[protein]] Vezatin
* [[YAF2]]: encoding [[protein]] YY1-associated factor 2
* [[ZCCHC8]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 8
* [[Zinc finger c3h1-type containing|ZFC3H1]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger C3H1-type containing
* [[Zinc finger protein 26|ZNF26]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 26
* [[Zinc finger protein 84|ZNF84]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 84
* [[ZNF268]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 268
* [[ZNF664]]: encoding [[protein]] Zinc finger protein 664

== Diseases and disorders ==
The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 12:
{{div col |3}}
* [[achondrogenesis type 2]]
* [[collagenopathy, types II and XI]]
* [[cornea plana 2]]
* [[episodic ataxia]]
* [[hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
* [[hypochondrogenesis]]
* [[ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens]]
* [[Kniest dysplasia]]
* [[Kabuki syndrome]]
* [[maturity onset diabetes of the young]] type 3
* [[methylmalonic acidemia]]
* [[narcolepsy]]
* [[nonsyndromic deafness]]
* [[Noonan syndrome]]
* [[Parkinson disease]]
* [[Pallister-Killian syndrome]] ([[tetrasomy]] 12p)
* [[phenylketonuria]]
* [[spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type]]
* [[spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita]]
* [[spondyloperipheral dysplasia]]
* [[Stickler syndrome]], ([[COL2A1]]-related)
* [[Stuttering]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Riaz N |title=Genomewide significant linkage to stuttering on chromosome 12 |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=647–51 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15714404 |pmc=1199301 |doi=10.1086/429226 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)62875-4 |author2=Steinberg S |author3=Ahmad J |display-authors=3 |last4=Pluzhnikov |first4=Anna |last5=Riazuddin |first5=Sheikh |last6=Cox |first6=Nancy J. |last7=Drayna |first7=Dennis}}</ref>
* [[Triose Phosphate Isomerase deficiency]]
* [[tyrosinemia]]
* [[Von Willebrand Disease]]
{{div col end}}

==Cytogenetic band==
{{multiple image
| header = G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 12
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Human chromosome 12 ideogram vertical.svg
| width1 = 216
| height1= 1125
| caption1 = G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 12 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. [[Ensembl]], [[UCSC Genome Browser]]).
| image2 = Human chromosome 12 - 400 550 850 bphs.png
| width2 = 1003
| height2= 2801
| caption2 = G-banding patterns of human chromosome 12 in three different resolutions (400,<ref name="400bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_400_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref> 550<ref name="550bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_550_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref> and 850<ref name="850bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).<ref name="Nomenclature2013">{{cite book|author=International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature|title=ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGCLrh0DIwEC|year=2013|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-318-02253-7}}</ref> This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the [[Mitosis|mitotic process]].<ref name="SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sethakulvichai|first1=W.|last2=Manitpornsut|first2=S.|last3=Wiboonrat|first3=M.|last4=Lilakiatsakun|first4=W.|last5=Assawamakin|first5=A.|last6=Tongsima|first6=S.|title=Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images|year=2012|pages=276–282|journal=In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on|doi=10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anunchai_Assawamakin/publication/261304470_Estimation_of_band_level_resolutions_of_human_chromosome_images/links/5459f7ff0cf2cf516483fffd/Estimation-of-band-level-resolutions-of-human-chromosome-images.pdf}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ [[G banding|G-band]]s of human chromosome 12 in resolution 850 bphs<ref>Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>
! Chr.
! Arm<ref>"'''p'''": Short arm; "'''q'''": Long arm.</ref>
! Band<ref>For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article [[Locus (genetics)|locus]].</ref>
! ISCN start<ref name="ISCN">These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). [[Arbitrary unit]].</ref>
! ISCN stop<ref name="ISCN"/>
! Basepair start
! Basepair stop
! Stain<ref>'''gpos''': Region which is positively stained by [[G banding]], generally [[GC-content|AT-rich]] and gene poor; '''gneg''': Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally [[GC-content|CG-rich]] and gene rich; '''acen''' [[Centromere]]. '''var''': Variable region; '''stalk''': Stalk.</ref>
! Density
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.33 || 0 || 216 || {{val|1|fmt=commas}} || {{val|3200000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.32 || 216 || 345 || {{val|3200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|5300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.31 || 345 || 633 || {{val|5300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|10000000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.2 || 633 || 806 || {{val|10000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|12600000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13.1 || 806 || 921 || {{val|12600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|14600000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 12.3 || 921 || 1195 || {{val|14600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|19800000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:black; color:white;"| gpos || 100
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 12.2 || 1195 || 1252 || {{val|19800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|21100000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 12.1 || 1252 || 1526 || {{val|21100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|26300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:black; color:white;"| gpos || 100
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11.23 || 1526 || 1655 || {{val|26300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|27600000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11.22 || 1655 || 1785 || {{val|27600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|30500000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11.21 || 1785 || 1900 || {{val|30500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|33200000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11.1 || 1900 || 2015 || {{val|33200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|35500000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;"| acen ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 11 || 2015 || 2116 || {{val|35500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|37800000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;"| acen ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 12 || 2116 || 2562 || {{val|37800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|46000000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:black; color:white;"| gpos || 100
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.11 || 2562 || 2706 || {{val|46000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|48700000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.12 || 2706 || 2850 || {{val|48700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|51100000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.13 || 2850 || 3210 || {{val|51100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|54500000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.2 || 3210 || 3383 || {{val|54500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|56200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.3 || 3383 || 3498 || {{val|56200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|57700000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 14.1 || 3498 || 3700 || {{val|57700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|62700000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 14.2 || 3700 || 3786 || {{val|62700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|64700000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 14.3 || 3786 || 3959 || {{val|64700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|67300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 15 || 3959 || 4203 || {{val|67300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|71100000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.1 || 4203 || 4362 || {{val|71100001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|75300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.2 || 4362 || 4549 || {{val|75300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|79900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.31 || 4549 || 4837 || {{val|79900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|86300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:black; color:white;"| gpos || 100
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.32 || 4837 || 4894 || {{val|86300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|88600000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.33 || 4894 || 5125 || {{val|88600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|92200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:black; color:white;"| gpos || 100
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 22 || 5125 || 5355 || {{val|92200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|95800000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 23.1 || 5355 || 5571 || {{val|95800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|101200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 23.2 || 5571 || 5643 || {{val|101200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|103500000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 23.3 || 5643 || 5873 || {{val|103500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|108600000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.11 || 5873 || 6104 || {{val|108600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|111300000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.12 || 6104 || 6219 || {{val|111300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|111900000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.13 || 6219 || 6334 || {{val|111900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|113900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.21 || 6334 || 6478 || {{val|113900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|116400000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.22 || 6478 || 6579 || {{val|116400001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|117700000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.23 || 6579 || 6737 || {{val|117700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|120300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.31 || 6737 || 7083 || {{val|120300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|125400000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.32 || 7083 || 7255 || {{val|125400001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|128700000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 12 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.33 || 7255 || 7500 || {{val|128700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|133275309|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Gilbert F, Kauff N | title=Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome.Chromosome 12 | journal=Genet Test | year=2000 | pages=319–33 | volume=4 | issue=3 | pmid=11142767 | doi=10.1089/10906570050501588}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Montgomery KT, Lee E, Miller A, Lau S, Shim C, Decker J, Chiu D, Emerling S, Sekhon M, Kim R, Lenz J, Han J, Ioshikhes I, Renault B, Marondel I, Yoon SJ, Song K, Murty VV, Scherer S, Yonescu R, Kirsch IR, Ried T, McPherson J, Gibbs R, Kucherlapati R | title=A high-resolution map of human chromosome 12 | journal=Nature | year=2001 | pages=945–6 | volume=409 | issue=6822 | pmid=11237017 | doi=10.1038/35057174}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Human chromosome 12}}
* {{cite web | author= National Institutes of Health | title= Chromosome 12 | work= Genetics Home Reference | url= http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=12| accessdate=2017-05-06}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chromo12.shtml|title=Chromosome 12|website=Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003|access-date=2017-05-06}}

{{Chromosomes}}
{{Chromosome genetics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chromosome 12 (Human)}}
[[Category:Chromosomes (human)]]
[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 12|*]]

wikidoc - User contributions [en]

Chromosome 12 (human)